路由器路由表的形成
1:当给路由器某个端口配置IP后,就可以形成一个直连路由条目:
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
路由条目192.168.1.0/24标识路由网段;
2:静态路由配置:
R2(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.1.11
R2#show ip route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
S 11.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 192.168.1.11
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0
S=static 静态的,[1/0] 中的1=Administrator Distance,0=Metrics
或者设置一个默认路由:
R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.11 (0.0.0.0 标识任何网络)
R2#show ip route
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.11
3: RIP动态路由,静态路由不够灵活,让路由器相互学习对方的路由表岂不是更完美吗(也有负面影响:占用带宽)?于是有了动态路由。RIP=Routing Information Protocols 路由信息协议:他以跳数作为度量值,根据跳数来选择最佳路由,导致的后果是选出的不一定是最优路由,没有链接质量和链接流量的概念,高带宽的链路不走,也可能走网络繁忙的链路。另外最大度量值以15为限制,不适合大型网络,收敛缓慢,常时间>5分钟,消耗带宽大等。
在上面例子2中,删除静态路由,改用RIP来实现为:
R2(config)#route rip
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
注意:直连网段也需要宣告, 这样才能通过接口发布RIP更新,同样R3宣告网段:
R3(config)#route rip
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R3(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0
此时网络路由为:注意R 类型路由:
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 192.168.1.11, 00:00:05, FastEthernet1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet1/0
也可以debug rip信息,观察下路由更新过程:
R2#debug ip rip
R2#RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via FastEthernet0/0 (10.1.1.1)
R2#RIP: received v1 update from 192.168.1.11 on FastEthernet1/0
11.0.0.0 in 1 hops
4:EIGRP动态路由:(Enhance Interio Gateway Routing Protocol: 增强型内部网关路由协议)
Cisco公司私有路由协议,融合了距离矢量和链路状态的优点。支持非等成本路由的负载均衡,确保路由无环路,收敛快等。
EIGRP的配置学习:网络拓扑如下图所示:
R1(config)#route eigrp 110
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
R2中配置:
R2(config)#route eigrp 110
R2(config-router)#
R2(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0
%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 110: Neighbor 1.1.1.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0) is up: new adjacency
R2(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0
R3中配置:
R3(config)#route eigrp 110
R3(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0
%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP 110: Neighbor 2.2.2.1 (GigabitEthernet0/1) is up: new adjacency
R3(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0
以R3的路由表为例:D - EIGRP
D 1.0.0.0/8 [90/3072] via 2.2.2.1, 00:21:43, GigabitEthernet0/1
2.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 2.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 2.2.2.2/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
D 10.0.0.0/8 [90/5632] via 2.2.2.1, 00:21:43, GigabitEthernet0/1
12.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 12.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
也可以使用network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 宣告任何网络,例如:
R1(config)#no route eigrp 110
R1(config)#route eigrp 110
R1(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
5:OSPF: (Open Shortest Path First,开放最短路径优先) 是IETE标准组织制定的一种基于链路状态的内部网关协议。它在同一个自治系统内,运行OSPF协议的路由器彼此交换并保存整个网络的链路信息,从而掌握全网的拓扑结构,独立的计算到达任意目的地的最佳路由。自治系统Autonomous System AS:是指一组通过统一的路由选择协议互相交换路由信息的网络。
OSPF中的三张表:
1:邻居关系表:将自己所有的邻居加入到自己的邻居关系表中;
2:链路状态数据库表:把邻居更新过的链路状态信息,更新到链路状态数据库表;
3:路由表:计算最优的路由结果存放在路由表;
何时需要OSPF协议:
1:当网络中路由器在10台以上中型以上规模网络中;
2:网络拓扑为网状,并且任意两台路由器之间都有互通的需求;
3:要求路由变化能快速收敛,并且路由协议自身网络开销尽量小;
4:路由器性能较高,CPU处理能力强,内存较大;
操作如下:(拓扑图同EIGRP)
R1(config)#no route eigrp 110
R1(config)#route ospf 110
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 //单区域只能是0
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R2中:
R2(config)#route ospf 110
R2(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R3中:
R3(config)#route ospf 110
R3(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
此时PCA和PCB互通,
看下R1的路由表:
R1#show ip route
1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 1.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
O 2.0.0.0/8 [110/2] via 1.1.1.2, 00:04:09, GigabitEthernet0/1
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 10.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O 12.0.0.0/8 [110/3] via 1.1.1.2, 00:02:14, GigabitEthernet0/1
查看R1的邻居关系:
R1#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
2.2.2.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:33 1.1.1.2 GigabitEthernet0/1
进一步可以查看接口的信息:
R1#show ip ospf interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
GigabitEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 1.1.1.1/8, Area 0
Process ID 110, Router ID 172.168.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 172.168.1.1, Interface address 1.1.1.1
Backup Designated Router (ID) 2.2.2.1, Interface address 1.1.1.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:08
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.1 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
一个简单的学习了解IP路由的知识,本文完。