【大学物理实验】速通双语版

0首先，我们要学什么？outlook！

1measurement

2system error&random error

3significant figures

4uncertainty of direct measurement and indirect measurement

5data processing

1 measurement

Important points to remember：

1.A measurement without unit is meaningless.

2.A measurement without an uncertainty is meaningless either.

type of measurement:直接，间接

2error

2.1absolute error

the result of a measurement minus a true value of the measurand. It is sometimes called absolute error.

2.2 relative error

2.3system error

definition:

it is consistent, repeatable error associated with faulty equipment or a flawed experiment design.

example

the magnitude and sign of the error can be determined. In other word, it can be eliminated in some circumstances.

2.4random error

the magnitude and sign of the error can be determined. In other word, it can be eliminated in some circumstances.

2.5accuracy&precision

random error；一坨；precision

system error；靶心；accuracy

2.6 the standard deviation:analysis of random errors

[standard deviation]

[standard error]

example:

3 significant figures

3.1exact number&&measured number

definition:

example:

3.2 reading a meter stick

直接测量：估读到最小分度的下一位

间接测量：结果有效数字由absolute error 的有效数字决定

3.3the difinition of significant figure

the difinition of significant figures in measured number

3.4count significant figure

3.4 operation

①乘除

example

②加减

example

③对数

a）自然对数的有效数字和其真数的有效数字相同：In5.374=1.682

b）10为底的对数，小数点后的位数与真数有效数字相同

c）开放下面的数有效数字与开放后相同（16.00）^0.5=4.000

3.5 rounding

就近原则

4 uncertainty

4.1errors&uncertainty

4.2 direct measurement

4.3 indirect measurement of uncertainty

传递系数即是误差的权重

example 1

一般情况相对误差取两位有效数字就可以了

最小的是第二小的十分之一则可以省去如这里的2.3*10^-8

example2

example3

4.4quoting of measurement results

4.5 rules of form

5 data processing

5.1graphing