C++---Class without pointer

C++ 学习笔记

source: 高清 1080P C++面向对象高级编程（侯捷） P6 6 复习Complex类的实现过程 - YouTube

//complex.hpp

#ifndef __COMPLEX__
#define __COMPLEX__

class complex{
public:
  complex (double r=0, double i=0)
    : re(r)  ,im(i)
  {}
  complex& operator +=  (const complex&)
    
  double real  ()  const {return re;}
  double image ()  const {return im;}
private:
  double re,im;    
  
  friend complex& __doapl(complex*, const complex&);
    
};

#endif

tips:
1. the below format can avoid invoking hpp repeatly
#ifndef __COMPLEX__
#define __COMPLEX__
...
#endif
2.privat type: most variable should be define in private part
3.construct:
 complex (double r=0, double i=0)
    : re(r)  ,im(i)
  {}
  
 parament r and i are call vaule, it should have init value
 :re(r),im(r)  it used to init construct, it equals to:
 complex (double r=0, double i=0)
 {
     re =r;
     im=i;
 }
 
 if there is no pointers in the class definition,there will be no destruction.
4.public type : 
 it includes 3 member functions:
 
 complex& operator +=  (const complex&)
 it is a operator reloding for "operator += ", return complex&(call reference)
 type, its parament is a constant and reference invoking
 
 double real  ()  const {return re;}
 double image ()  const {return im;}
 if there is no change for variable re and im in the function,
 should be set to const in the function definition.
 
 call value and call reference:
 it is applied in the return type of a function.
 a.local variable can be only called value, because after the function end, 
 it is not useful ,on this scenario, function call return a value
 b.if a return variable's value can be keep after the end of lifespan of a
 function, the return type can be reference, such as pointer all class.
class is used for reference:
  the class's constructor + &: complex&
5.friend type:
  friend type function can invoke any variable in the class, including 
  private variables.