zzz同学修复U盘的记录

root's password:

linux-mrph:~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=10

10+0 records in

10+0 records out

10240 bytes (10 kB) copied, 0.00486736 s, 2.1 MB/s

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb 

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

mkfs.vfat: Device partition expected, not making filesystem on entire device '/dev/sdb' (use -I to override)

linux-mrph:~ # fdisk /dev/sdb

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xaef21059.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): m

Command action

    a   toggle a bootable flag

    b   edit bsd disklabel

    c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

    d   delete a partition

    l   list known partition types

    m   print this menu

    n   add a new partition

    o   create a new empty DOS partition table

    p   print the partition table

    q   quit without saving changes

    s   create a new empty Sun disklabel

    t   change a partition's system id

    u   change display/entry units

    v   verify the partition table

    w   write table to disk and exit

    x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-16383, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-16383, default 16383): 

Using default value 16383

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb 

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

mkfs.vfat: Device partition expected, not making filesystem on entire device '/dev/sdb' (use -I to override)

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat   --help

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

mkfs.vfat: invalid option -- '-'

Unknown option: ?

Usage: mkdosfs [-a][-A][-c][-C][-v][-I][-l bad-block-file][-b backup-boot-sector]

        [-m boot-msg-file][-n volume-name][-i volume-id]

        [-s sectors-per-cluster][-S logical-sector-size][-f number-of-FATs]

        [-h hidden-sectors][-F fat-size][-r root-dir-entries][-R reserved-sectors]

        /dev/name [blocks]

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat   -n 'vo' /dev/sdb -I

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

linux-mrph:~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=1024*10

dd: invalid number `1024*10'

linux-mrph:~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=10240

dd: writing `/dev/sdb': No space left on device

8193+0 records in

8192+0 records out

8388608 bytes (8.4 MB) copied, 3.55435 s, 2.4 MB/s

linux-mrph:~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=102400

102400+0 records in

102400+0 records out

104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.228272 s, 459 MB/s

linux-mrph:~ # fdisk /dev/sdb 

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x18fe40aa.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-204799, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-204799, default 204799): 

Using default value 204799

Command (m for help): m

Command action

    a   toggle a bootable flag

    b   edit bsd disklabel

    c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

    d   delete a partition

    l   list known partition types

    m   print this menu

    n   add a new partition

    o   create a new empty DOS partition table

    p   print the partition table

    q   quit without saving changes

    s   create a new empty Sun disklabel

    t   change a partition's system id

    u   change display/entry units

    v   verify the partition table

    w   write table to disk and exit

    x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 104 MB, 104857600 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 12 cylinders, total 204800 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x18fe40aa

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

/dev/sdb1             2048       204799       101376   83   Linux

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-204799, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-204799, default 204799): 

Using default value 204799

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.ext4 --help

mkfs.ext4: invalid option -- '-'

Usage: mkfs.ext4 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-f fragment-size]

[-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] [-J journal-options]

[-G meta group size] [-N number-of-inodes]

[-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]

[-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-directory]

[-O feature[,...]] [-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]]

[-T fs-type] [-U UUID] [-jnqvFKSV] device [blocks-count]

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb    

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb    

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sdb 

.bash_history         .gconfd/             .viminfo

.dbus/               .gnupg/               bin/

.emacs.d/             .kbd/                 inst-sys/

.exrc                 .pki/                

.gconf/               .recently-used.xbel  

linux-mrph:~ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sdb 

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

linux-mrph:~ # 

linux-mrph:~ # 

linux-mrph:~ # mount /dev/sdb /mnt

linux-mrph:~ # 

linux-mrph:~ # 

linux-mrph:~ # ls /mnt

linux-mrph:~ # cd /mnt

linux-mrph:/mnt # du -sh .

16K .

linux-mrph:/mnt # cd ..

linux-mrph:/ # ls

bin   configure   etc   lib         media   opt   root   selinux   sys   usr

boot   dev         home   lost+found   mnt     proc   sbin   srv       tmp   var

linux-mrph:/ # cd /mnt/

linux-mrph:/mnt # echo hello > t.txt

linux-mrph:/mnt # cd ..

linux-mrph:/ # umount /mnt

linux-mrph:/ # umount /mnt/

umount: /mnt/: not mounted

linux-mrph:/ # umount /media/UNTITLED/

linux-mrph:/ # ls

bin   configure   etc   lib         media   opt   root   selinux   sys   usr

boot   dev         home   lost+found   mnt     proc   sbin   srv       tmp   var

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sdb

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

2 heads, 63 sectors/track, 63536 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x01241986

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

/dev/sdb1   *           64     8005631     4002784     b   W95 FAT32

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8005631, default 8005631): 

Using default value 8005631

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

2 heads, 63 sectors/track, 63536 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x01241986

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

/dev/sdb1             2048     8005631     4001792   83   Linux

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

2 heads, 63 sectors/track, 63536 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x01241986

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): 1

Value out of range.

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): 1

Value out of range.

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048):        

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8005631, default 8005631): 

Using default value 8005631

Command (m for help): x

Expert command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2 heads, 63 sectors, 63536 cylinders

Nr AF   Hd Sec   Cyl   Hd Sec   Cyl     Start       Size ID

  1 00   0   33   16   1   33   48       2048     8003584 83

  2 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

  3 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

  4 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

Expert command (m for help): m

Command action

    b   move beginning of data in a partition

    c   change number of cylinders

    d   print the raw data in the partition table

    e   list extended partitions

    f   fix partition order

    g   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

    h   change number of heads

    i   change the disk identifier

    m   print this menu

    p   print the partition table

    q   quit without saving changes

    r   return to main menu

    s   change number of sectors/track

    v   verify the partition table

    w   write table to disk and exit

Expert command (m for help): c

Number of cylinders (1-1048576, default 63536): 

Using default value 63536

Expert command (m for help): b

Partition number (1-4): 1

New beginning of data (1-8005631, default 2048): 1

Expert command (m for help): s

Number of sectors (1-63, default 63): 

Using default value 63

Expert command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sdb

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

2 heads, 33 sectors/track, 121297 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x01241986

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

/dev/sdb1               1     8005631     4002815+   83   Linux

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sdb 

Command (m for help): p\

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

127 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x01241986

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): ^C

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/

Display all 207 possibilities? (y or n)

linux-mrph:/ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb count=40480 bs=40480

40480+0 records in

40480+0 records out

1638630400 bytes (1.6 GB) copied, 486.109 s, 3.4 MB/s

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sdb 

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x17cd5cb2.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 4098 MB, 4098883584 bytes

127 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 8005632 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x17cd5cb2

    Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8005631, default 8005631): 

Using default value 8005631

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): x

Expert command (m for help): m

Command action

    b   move beginning of data in a partition

    c   change number of cylinders

    d   print the raw data in the partition table

    e   list extended partitions

    f   fix partition order

    g   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

    h   change number of heads

    i   change the disk identifier

    m   print this menu

    p   print the partition table

    q   quit without saving changes

    r   return to main menu

    s   change number of sectors/track

    v   verify the partition table

    w   write table to disk and exit

Expert command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 127 heads, 62 sectors, 1016 cylinders

Nr AF   Hd Sec   Cyl   Hd Sec   Cyl     Start       Size ID

  1 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

  2 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

  3 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

  4 00   0   0     0   0   0     0           0           0 00

Expert command (m for help): f

Nothing to do. Ordering is correct already.

Expert command (m for help): b

Partition number (1-4): 1

Partition 1 has no data area

Expert command (m for help): c

Number of cylinders (1-1048576, default 1016): 

Using default value 1016

Expert command (m for help): s

Number of sectors (1-63, default 62): 

Using default value 62

Expert command (m for help): b

Partition number (1-4): 1

Partition 1 has no data area

Expert command (m for help): r

Command (m for help): m

Command action

    a   toggle a bootable flag

    b   edit bsd disklabel

    c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

    d   delete a partition

    l   list known partition types

    m   print this menu

    n   add a new partition

    o   create a new empty DOS partition table

    p   print the partition table

    q   quit without saving changes

    s   create a new empty Sun disklabel

    t   change a partition's system id

    u   change display/entry units

    v   verify the partition table

    w   write table to disk and exit

    x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): o

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6e71279b.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): l

  0   Empty           24   NEC DOS         81   Minix / old Lin bf   Solaris        

  1   FAT12           27   Hidden NTFS Win 82   Linux swap / So c1   DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  2   XENIX root       39   Plan 9           83   Linux           c4   DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  3   XENIX usr       3c   PartitionMagic   84   OS/2 hidden C:   c6   DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  4   FAT16 <32M       40   Venix 80286     85   Linux extended   c7   Syrinx          

  5   Extended         41   PPC PReP Boot   86   NTFS volume set da   Non-FS data    

  6   FAT16           42   SFS             87   NTFS volume set db   CP/M / CTOS / .

  7   HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d   QNX4.x           88   Linux plaintext de   Dell Utility    

  8   AIX             4e   QNX4.x 2nd part 8e   Linux LVM       df   BootIt          

  9   AIX bootable     4f   QNX4.x 3rd part 93   Amoeba           e1   DOS access      

  a   OS/2 Boot Manag 50   OnTrack DM       94   Amoeba BBT       e3   DOS R/O        

  b   W95 FAT32       51   OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f   BSD/OS           e4   SpeedStor      

  c   W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52   CP/M             a0   IBM Thinkpad hi eb   BeOS fs        

  e   W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53   OnTrack DM6 Aux a5   FreeBSD         ee   GPT            

  f   W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54   OnTrackDM6       a6   OpenBSD         ef   EFI (FAT-12/16/

10   OPUS             55   EZ-Drive         a7   NeXTSTEP         f0   Linux/PA-RISC b

11   Hidden FAT12     56   Golden Bow       a8   Darwin UFS       f1   SpeedStor      

12   Compaq diagnost 5c   Priam Edisk     a9   NetBSD           f4   SpeedStor      

14   Hidden FAT16 <3 61   SpeedStor       ab   Darwin boot     f2   DOS secondary  

16   Hidden FAT16     63   GNU HURD or Sys af   HFS / HFS+       fb   VMware VMFS    

17   Hidden HPFS/NTF 64   Novell Netware   b7   BSDI fs         fc   VMware VMKCORE 

18   AST SmartSleep   65   Novell Netware   b8   BSDI swap       fd   Linux raid auto

1b   Hidden W95 FAT3 70   DiskSecure Mult bb   Boot Wizard hid fe   LANstep        

1c   Hidden W95 FAT3 75   PC/IX           be   Solaris boot     ff   BBT            

1e   Hidden W95 FAT1 80   Old Minix      

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): t

No partition is defined yet!

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 

Using default value 1

First sector (2048-8005631, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8005631, default 8005631): 

Using default value 8005631

Command (m for help): a

Partition number (1-4): 1

Command (m for help): c

DOS Compatibility flag is set (DEPRECATED!)

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sd

sda   sda1   sda4   sda5   sda6   sda7   sdb   sdb1  

linux-mrph:/ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sdb

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

mkfs.vfat: Device partition expected, not making filesystem on entire device '/dev/sdb' (use -I to override)

linux-mrph:/ # mkfs.vfat -n 'boot' /dev/sdb1

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

linux-mrph:/ # fdisk /dev/sdb1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb1: 4097 MB, 4097835008 bytes

127 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 8003584 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

      Device Boot       Start         End       Blocks   Id   System

Command (m for help): n

Command action

    e   extended

    p   primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1

First sector (2048-8003583, default 2048): 

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-8003583, default 8003583): 

Using default value 8003583

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 22: Invalid argument.

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

Syncing disks.

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # 

linux-mrph:/ # mkfs.vfat -n boot /dev/sdb1

mkfs.vfat 3.0.10 (12 Sep 2010)

linux-mrph:/ # umount /mnt

umount: /mnt: not mounted

linux-mrph:/ # umount /media/BOOT/