C++学习路线之C++基础(十二)——set容器,map容器和函数对象

14.8、set/multiset容器

所有元素在插入时自动排序。

set/muliset容器属于关联式容器,底层结构是用二叉树实现。

set与multiset区别:

  • set不允许容器中有重复的元素。
  • multiset允许容器中有重复的元素。

14.8.1、set构造和赋值

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

void printset(set<int> s)
{
	for (set<int>::iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	set<int> s;
	s.insert(10);//插入,只有insert
	s.insert(40);
	s.insert(30);
	s.insert(50);
	s.insert(20);
	s.insert(20);//set不能重复,故插入失败
	printset(s);//10,20,30,40,50,插入时被自动排序

	set<int> s3(s);
	printset(s3);

	set<int> s2;
	s2 = s;//没有assign赋值
	printset(s2);
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.2、set大小和交换

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

void printset(set<int> s)
{
	for (set<int>::iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	set<int> s1;
	s1.insert(10);
	s1.insert(40);
	s1.insert(30);
	s1.insert(20);
	printset(s1);

	if (s1.empty())
	{
		cout << "s1 is NULL" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "s1 is not NULL" << endl;
		cout << "s1的size是:" << s1.size() << endl;
	}
	set<int> s2;
	s2.insert(100);
	s2.insert(200);
	s2.insert(300);
	s2.insert(400);
	printset(s2);

	cout << "交换后:" << endl;
	s1.swap(s2);
	printset(s1);
	printset(s2);
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.3、set容器插入和删除

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

void printset(set<int> s)
{
	for (set<int>::iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	set<int> s1;
	s1.insert(10);
	s1.insert(30);
	s1.insert(40);
	s1.insert(20);
	printset(s1);

	//删除
	s1.erase(s1.begin());//删除指定迭代器元素
	printset(s1);
	s1.erase(30);//删除值为30的元素
	printset(s1);

	//清空
	s1.clear();
	//s1.erase(s1.begin(), s1.end());//区间删除
	printset(s1);
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.4、set容器查找和统计

find(key),返回元素迭代器或者end

count(key),统计key的个数——multiset结果会大于1

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	set<int> s1;
	s1.insert(10);
	s1.insert(30);
	s1.insert(40);
	s1.insert(20);

	set<int>::iterator it;
	it = s1.find(30);
	if (it != s1.end())
	{
		cout << *it << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "未找到元素" << endl;
	}
	cout<<s1.count(30)<<endl;
}
int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.5、set和multiset区别

set不允许插入重复数据,multiset可以插入重复数据

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	set<int> s;
	pair<set<int>::iterator,bool>ret = s.insert(10);
	if (ret.second)
	{
		cout << "插入成功" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "失败" << endl;
	}
	ret = s.insert(10);
	if (ret.second)
	{
		cout << "插入成功" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "失败" << endl;
	}
	
	multiset<int> ms;
	ms.insert(10);
	ms.insert(10);
	for (multiset<int>::iterator it = ms.begin(); it != ms.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.6、pari对组的创建和使用

利用对组可以返回两个数据元素

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	pair<string, int> p("tom", 20);
	cout << p.first << p.second << endl;

	pair<string, int> p2 = make_pair("jerry", 30);
	cout << p2.first << p2.second << endl;
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.8.7、set容器排序

内置类型指定排序规则:

set默认升序排序,可以使用仿函数改变排序规则。

#include<iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

class mycompare
{
public:
	bool operator()(int v1,int v2)const 
	{
		return v1 > v2;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	set<int> s1;
	s1.insert(10);
	s1.insert(30);
	s1.insert(40);
	s1.insert(20);
	for (set<int>::iterator it = s1.begin(); it != s1.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
	//指定排序规则为从大到小
	set<int,mycompare> s2;
	s2.insert(10);
	s2.insert(30);
	s2.insert(40);
	s2.insert(20);
	for (set<int, mycompare>::iterator it = s2.begin(); it != s2.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ",";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

自定义数据类型指定排序规则:

#include<iostream>
#include<set>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class person
{
public:
	person(string name, int age)
	{
		this->m_age = age;
		this->m_name = name;
	}
	int m_age;
	string m_name;
};

class pcompare 
{
public:
	bool operator()(const person& p1, const person& p2)const
	{
		return p1.m_age > p2.m_age;//按年龄降序
	}
};

void test01()
{
	set<person,pcompare> s;//自定义数据类型需要指定排序规则
	person p1("关羽", 26);
	person p2("刘备", 28);
	person p3("张飞", 25);
	person p4("赵云", 21);

	s.insert(p1);
	s.insert(p2);
	s.insert(p3);
	s.insert(p4);
	//遍历
	for (set<person,pcompare>::iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << it->m_name << ",age: " << it->m_age << endl;
	}
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.9、map和multimap容器

map中所有元素都是pair,pair中第一个元素为key(键值),第二个元素为value(实值)

所有元素为根据key自动排序

本质:map属于关联式容器,底层用二叉树实现。

优点:根据key快速找到value

map和multimap区别:是否允许有key重复的元素出现。

14.9.1、map构造和赋值

#include<iostream>
#include<map>

using namespace std;

void printmap(map<int, int>& m)
{
	for (map<int, int>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key=" << it->first << ",value=" << (*it).second << endl;
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	map<int, int> m;
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 10));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(2, 20));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(3, 30));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(4, 40));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(5, 50));
	printmap(m);
	map<int, int> m2(m);
	printmap(m2);

	map<int, int> m3;
	m3 = m2;
	printmap(m3);
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

14.9.2、map大小和交换

#include<iostream>
#include<map>
using namespace std;

void printmap(map<int, int>& m)
{
	for (map<int, int>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key = " << it->first << ",value = " << it->second << endl;
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	map<int, int> m;
	map<int, int> m2;
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 10));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(2, 20));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(3, 30));
	if (m.empty())
	{
		cout << "m is NULL" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "m size is: " << m.size() << endl;
	}
}
void test02()
{
	map<int, int> m;
	map<int, int> m2;
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 10));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(2, 20));
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(3, 30));
	m2.insert(pair<int, int>(4, 100));
	m2.insert(pair<int, int>(5, 200));
	m2.insert(pair<int, int>(6, 300));
	printmap(m);
	printmap(m2);
	m.swap(m2);
	cout << "交换后" << endl;
	printmap(m);
	printmap(m2);
}
int main()
{
	//test01();
	test02();
	return 0;
}

14.9.3、map插入和删除

#include<iostream>
#include<map>
using namespace std;

void printmap(map<int, int>& m)
{
	for (map<int, int>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key = " << it->first << ",value = " << it->second << endl;
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	map<int, int> m;
	m.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 10));
	m.insert(make_pair(2, 20));
	m.insert(map<int, int>::value_type(3, 30));
	m[4] = 40;//map重载中括号——不建议用于插入,可以用来由key访问value
	printmap(m);

	//删除
	m.erase(m.begin());
	printmap(m);

	m.erase(3);//按照key删除
	printmap(m);

	//m.erase(m.begin(),m.end());//按区间删——清空
	m.clear();
	printmap(m);
}

int main()
{
	test01();

	return 0;
}

14.9.4、map查找和统计

#include<iostream>
#include<map>
using namespace std;

void printmap(map<int, int>& m)
{
	for (map<int, int>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key = " << it->first << ",value = " << it->second << endl;
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test01()
{
	map<int, int> m;
	m.insert(make_pair(1, 10));
	m.insert(make_pair(2, 20));
	m.insert(make_pair(3, 30));
	map<int, int> ::iterator pos = m.find(3);
	if (pos != m.end())//找到了
	{
		cout << "找到了key = " << pos->first << ",value = " << pos->second << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "没有找到相关元素" << endl;
	}
	int num = m.count(3);
	cout << "num = " << num << endl;//map不允许插入重复的key
}

int main()
{
	test01();
}

map的count只能是0或者1,而multimap的count值可以大于1 

14.9.5、map容器排序

#include<iostream>
#include<map>
using namespace std;

class MyCompare
{
public:
	bool operator()(int v1, int v2) const
	{
		//降序
		return v1 > v2;
	}
};

void printmap(map<int, int>& m)
{
	for (map<int, int>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key = " << it->first << ",value = " << it->second << endl;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
//map默认按key升序排序
void test01()
{
	map<int, int, MyCompare> m;

	m.insert(make_pair(1, 10));
	m.insert(make_pair(2, 20));
	m.insert(make_pair(3, 30));
	m.insert(make_pair(4, 40));
	m.insert(make_pair(5, 50));
	m.insert(make_pair(6, 60));
	//printmap(m);
	for (map<int, int, MyCompare>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << "key = " << it->first << ",value = " << it->second << endl;
	}
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

对于自定义数据类型,需要自己添加排序规则。

14.10、员工分组案例

  • 招聘10个员工ABCDEFGHIJ,为员工指派工作
  • 员工信息有姓名,工资组成,部门分为:策划、美术、研发
  • 随机给10名员工分配部门和工资
  • 通过multimap进行信息插入,key(部门编号),value(员工)
  • 分部门显示员工信息

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<map>
#include<vector>
#include<ctime>
using namespace std;

#define CEHUA 0
#define MEISHU 1
#define YANFA 2

class Worker
{
public:
	string m_Name;
	int m_Salary;
};

void createWorker(vector<Worker>& v)
{
	string nameSeed = "ABCDEFGHIJ";
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		Worker worker;
		worker.m_Name = "员工";
		worker.m_Name += nameSeed[i];
		worker.m_Salary = rand() % 10000 + 10000;//10000-19999
		v.push_back(worker);
	}
}

void setGroup(vector<Worker>& v, multimap<int, Worker>& m)
{
	for (vector<Worker>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		int depId = rand() % 3;//随机部门编号
		m.insert(make_pair(depId, *it));
	}
}

void showWorker(multimap<int, Worker>& m)
{
	cout << "策划部门:" << endl;
	multimap<int, Worker>::iterator pos = m.find(CEHUA);
	int count = m.count(CEHUA);
	int index = 0;
	for (; pos != m.end() && index < count; pos++, index++)
	{
		cout << "姓名: " << pos->second.m_Name << ",工资: " << pos->second.m_Salary << endl;
	}
	cout << "---------------" << endl;
	cout << "美术部门:" << endl;
	pos = m.find(MEISHU);
	count = m.count(MEISHU);
	index = 0;
	for (; pos != m.end() && index < count; pos++, index++)
	{
		cout << "姓名: " << pos->second.m_Name << ",工资: " << pos->second.m_Salary << endl;
	}
	cout << "---------------" << endl;
	cout << "研发部门:" << endl;
	pos = m.find(YANFA);
	count = m.count(YANFA);
	index = 0;
	for (; pos != m.end() && index < count; pos++, index++)
	{
		cout << "姓名: " << pos->second.m_Name << ",工资: " << pos->second.m_Salary << endl;
	}
}

int main()
{
	//随机数种子
	srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));
	//1创建员工
	vector<Worker> vWorker;
	createWorker(vWorker);
	//测试
	/*for (vector<Worker>::iterator it = vWorker.begin(); it != vWorker.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << it->m_Name << it->m_Salary << endl;
	}*/

	//员工分组
	multimap<int, Worker> mWorker;
	setGroup(vWorker, mWorker);

	//分组显示员工
	showWorker(mWorker);
}

15、STL函数对象

函数对象概念

  • 重载函数调用操作符的类,其对象称为函数对象
  • 函数对象使用重载的()时,行为类似于函数调用,也叫仿函数

本质:函数对象(仿函数)是一个类,不是一个函数

15.1、函数对象使用

特点:1.使用时可以像普通函数一样调用,可以有参数和返回值。2.函数对象超出普通函数的概念,可以有自己的状态。3.函数对象也可以作为参数传递。

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

class MyAdd
{
public:
	int operator()(int v1, int v2)
	{
		return v1 + v2;
	}
};

void test01()
{	
	MyAdd myAdd;
	int a = 10, b = 20;
	int c = myAdd(a, b);
	cout << c << endl;
}

class MyPrint
{
public:
	MyPrint()
	{
		this->count = 0;
	}
	void operator()(string test)
	{
		cout << test << endl;
		count++;
	}
	int count;
};

void test02()
{
	MyPrint myprint;
	myprint("hello world");
	myprint("hello world");
	myprint("hello world");
	myprint("hello world");
	myprint("hello world");
	cout << "MyPrint调用次数为:" << myprint.count << endl;
}

void doPrint(MyPrint& myprint, string test)
{
	myprint(test);
}

void test03()
{
	MyPrint myprint;
	doPrint(myprint, "hello C++");
}

int main()
{
	//test01();
	//test02();
	test03();
	return 0;
}

15.2、谓词

返回bool类型的仿函数成为谓词。接受一个参数为一元谓词,接受两个参数为二元谓词。

15.2.1、一元谓词

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

class GreaterFive
{
public:
	bool operator()(int val)
	{
		return val > 5;
	}
};
void test01()
{
	vector<int> v;
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		v.push_back(i);
	}
	//查找容器中有没有大于5的
	vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(),GreaterFive());//匿名函数对象,返回值是迭代器
	if (it == v.end())
	{
		cout << "NOT FIND" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << *it << endl;
	}
}

int main()
{
	test01();
}

15.2.2、二元谓词

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

//二元谓词
class MyCompare
{
public:
	bool operator()(int val1, int val2)
	{
		return val1 > val2;
	}
};

void test01()
{
	vector<int> v;
	v.push_back(1);
	v.push_back(4);
	v.push_back(2);
	v.push_back(3);
	v.push_back(5);
	sort(v.begin(), v.end());//升序
	for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	sort(v.begin(), v.end(),MyCompare());//降序
	for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

15.3、内建函数对象

STL内建了一些函数对象,分为算数仿函数,关系仿函数和逻辑仿函数,在使用时和一般函数完全相同,使用内建函数对象需要引入头文件#include<functional>

15.3.1、算术仿函数

功能:实现四则运算

 negate是一元仿函数,其余为二元仿函数。

#include<iostream>
#include<functional>

using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	negate<int> n;
	cout << n(50) << endl;
}

void test02()
{
	plus<int> p;
	cout << p(10, 20) << endl;
}

int main()
{
	//test01();
	test02();
	return 0;
}

15.3.2、关系仿函数

#include<iostream>
#include<functional>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	vector<int> v;
	v.push_back(1);
	v.push_back(3);
	v.push_back(4);
	v.push_back(2);
	v.push_back(5);
	for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	//降序
	sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<int>());
	for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}

15.3.3、逻辑仿函数

实现逻辑运算

#include<iostream>
#include<functional>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

void test01()
{
	vector<bool> v;
	v.push_back(true);
	v.push_back(false);
	v.push_back(true);
	v.push_back(false);
	v.push_back(true);
	v.push_back(false);
	for (vector<bool>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	vector<bool> v2;
	v2.resize(v.size());
	transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), logical_not<bool>());
	for (vector<bool>::iterator it = v2.begin(); it != v2.end(); it++)
	{
		cout << *it << ", ";
	}
}

int main()
{
	test01();
	return 0;
}
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