TensorFlow入门（一）

1、为什么要用TensorFlow？

TensorFlow的作用是让你从诸如“如何读入一堆图片”“如何处理图像的灰度值”“如何归一化向量”这样的细节问题中解脱出来，让你不用担心自己的模型中有各种各样的bug；因此，你可以更关注于建立一个优秀的模型，提升模型的性能，使它的精确度更高，泛化性更好等等。

Heavy concepts，light codes.

2、TensorFlow的特点

为了用python实现高效的数值计算，我们通常会使用函数库，比如NumPy，会把类似矩阵乘法这样的复杂运算使用其他外部语言实现。不幸的是，从外部计算切换回Python的每一个操作，仍然是一个很大的开销。如果你用GPU来进行外部计算，这样的开销会更大。用分布式的计算方式，也会花费更多的资源用来传输数据。

TensorFlow也把复杂的计算放在python之外完成，但是为了避免前面说的那些开销，它做了进一步完善。Tensorflow不单独地运行单一的复杂计算，而是让我们可以先用图描述一系列可交互的计算操作，然后全部一起在Python之外运行。（这样类似的运行方式，可以在不少的机器学习库中看到。）

3、用TensorFlow框架实现MNIST数据集识别

import tensorflow as tf
import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True)
# input images as N*784 matrix
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])

# weight
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784, 10]))
# bias
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))

# softmax predict
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x, W) + b)

# labels
y_ = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 10])
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y))

# train setting: learning rate 0.01, loss function cross entropy
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)

# initialize
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# default session
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)

# trainning
for i in range(1000):
    batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100)
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_:batch_ys})

correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y,1), tf.argmax(y_,1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction,"float"))
print( sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x:mnist.test.images, y_:mnist.test.labels}) )

附录：

TensorFlow中文社区的MNIST手写数字识别教程的网址

http://www.tensorfly.cn/tfdoc/tutorials/mnist_beginners.html

input_data.py网址上已经下不到了，在别的地方找到了。

出处：“https://blog.csdn.net/akadiao/article/details/78351021”，感谢原博主。

# #!/usr/bin/python
# # coding:utf-8

# 用于下载和读取MNIST数据的函数
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import gzip
import os
import tensorflow.python.platform
import numpy
from six.moves import urllib
from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf
SOURCE_URL = 'http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/'


# 若数据不存在，则从Yann的网站下载数据
def maybe_download(filename, work_directory):
  if not os.path.exists(work_directory):
    os.mkdir(work_directory)
  filepath = os.path.join(work_directory, filename)
  # 若指定路径不存在,则开始从原网站上下载
  if not os.path.exists(filepath):
    filepath, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(SOURCE_URL + filename, filepath)
    statinfo = os.stat(filepath)
    print('Successfully downloaded', filename, statinfo.st_size, 'bytes.')
  return filepath
def _read32(bytestream):
  dt = numpy.dtype(numpy.uint32).newbyteorder('>')
  return numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(4), dtype=dt)[0]


# 将图像提取到一个4维uint8类型的numpy数组[index, y, x, depth]
def extract_images(filename):
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2051:
      raise ValueError('Invalid magic number %d in MNIST image file: %s' % (magic, filename))
    num_images = _read32(bytestream)
    rows = _read32(bytestream)
    cols = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(rows * cols * num_images)
    data = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    data = data.reshape(num_images, rows, cols, 1)
    return data

# 将类标签从标量转换为一个one-hot向量
def dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes=10):
  num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0]
  index_offset = numpy.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
  labels_one_hot = numpy.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
  labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1
  return labels_one_hot

# 将标签提取到一维uint8类型的numpy数组[index]中
def extract_labels(filename, one_hot=False):
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2049:
      raise ValueError('Invalid magic number %d in MNIST label file: %s' % (magic, filename))
    num_items = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(num_items)
    labels = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    if one_hot:
      return dense_to_one_hot(labels)
    return labels

# 构造DataSet类
# one_hot arg仅在fake_data为true时使用
# `dtype`可以是`uint8`，将输入保留为`[0,255]`，或`float32`以重新调整为[0,1]。
class DataSet(object):
  def __init__(self, images, labels, fake_data=False, one_hot=False, dtype=tf.float32):
    dtype = tf.as_dtype(dtype).base_dtype
    if dtype not in (tf.uint8, tf.float32):
      raise TypeError('Invalid image dtype %r, expected uint8 or float32' % dtype)
    if fake_data:
      self._num_examples = 10000
      self.one_hot = one_hot
    else:
      assert images.shape[0] == labels.shape[0], ('images.shape: %s labels.shape: %s' % (images.shape, labels.shape))
      self._num_examples = images.shape[0]
      # 将[num examples, rows, columns, depth]转换形状成[num examples, rows*columns] (assuming depth == 1)
      assert images.shape[3] == 1
      images = images.reshape(images.shape[0], images.shape[1] * images.shape[2])
      if dtype == tf.float32:
        # 将[0, 255]转换为[0.0, 1.0].
        images = images.astype(numpy.float32)
        images = numpy.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0)
    self._images = images
    self._labels = labels
    self._epochs_completed = 0
    self._index_in_epoch = 0
  @property
  def images(self):
    return self._images
  @property
  def labels(self):
    return self._labels
  @property
  def num_examples(self):
    return self._num_examples
  @property
  def epochs_completed(self):
    return self._epochs_completed

  # 从数据集返回下一个`batch_size`示例
  def next_batch(self, batch_size, fake_data=False):
    if fake_data:
      fake_image = [1] * 784
      if self.one_hot:
        fake_label = [1] + [0] * 9
      else:
        fake_label = 0
      return [fake_image for _ in xrange(batch_size)], [fake_label for _ in xrange(batch_size)]
    start = self._index_in_epoch
    self._index_in_epoch += batch_size
    # 完成一个epoch
    if self._index_in_epoch > self._num_examples:
      # 随机抽取数据
      self._epochs_completed += 1
      perm = numpy.arange(self._num_examples)
      numpy.random.shuffle(perm)
      self._images = self._images[perm]
      self._labels = self._labels[perm]
      # 开始下一个epoch
      start = 0
      self._index_in_epoch = batch_size
      assert batch_size <= self._num_examples
    end = self._index_in_epoch
    return self._images[start:end], self._labels[start:end]

# 读取训练数据
def read_data_sets(train_dir, fake_data=False, one_hot=False, dtype=tf.float32):
  class DataSets(object):
    pass
  data_sets = DataSets()
  # 若fake_data为true则返回空数据
  if fake_data:
    def fake():
      return DataSet([], [], fake_data=True, one_hot=one_hot, dtype=dtype)
    data_sets.train = fake()
    data_sets.validation = fake()
    data_sets.test = fake()
    return data_sets
  # 训练和测试数据文件名
  TRAIN_IMAGES = 'train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TRAIN_LABELS = 'train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_IMAGES = 't10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_LABELS = 't10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  VALIDATION_SIZE = 5000
  # 读取训练和测试数据
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_IMAGES, train_dir)
  train_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_LABELS, train_dir)
  train_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_IMAGES, train_dir)
  test_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_LABELS, train_dir)
  test_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  # 取前5000个作为验证数据
  validation_images = train_images[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  validation_labels = train_labels[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  # 取前5000个以后的作为训练数据
  train_images = train_images[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  train_labels = train_labels[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  # 定义训练,验证和测试
  data_sets.train = DataSet(train_images, train_labels, dtype=dtype)
  data_sets.validation = DataSet(validation_images, validation_labels, dtype=dtype)
  data_sets.test = DataSet(test_images, test_labels, dtype=dtype)
  return data_sets

下载下来的数据集被分成两部分：60000行的训练数据集（mnist.train）和10000行的测试数据集（mnist.test）。