elasticsearch检索文档

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-06 16:05:35 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-06 16:05:35 发布

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一、添加文档

第一个业务需求就是存储雇员数据。这将会以 雇员文档 的形式存储：一个文档代表一个雇员。存储数据到 Elasticsearch 的行为叫做索引，但在索引一个文档之前，需要确定将文档存储在哪里。

一个 Elasticsearch 集群可以包含多个索引，相应的每个索引可以包含多个类型。这些不同的类型存储着多个文档，每个文档又有多个属性。

对于雇员目录，我们将做如下操作：

每个雇员索引一个文档，包含该雇员的所有信息。
每个文档都将是 employee 类型。
该类型位于索引 megacorp 内。
该索引保存在我们的 Elasticsearch 集群中。

进行下一步前，让我们增加员工信息到目录中：

注意，路径 /megacorp/employee/1 包含了三部分的信息：

megacorp

索引名称

employee

类型名称

1

特定雇员的ID

请求体 —— JSON 文档 —— 包含了这位员工的所有详细信息，他的名字叫 John Smith ，今年 25 岁，喜欢攀岩。

很简单！无需进行执行管理任务，如创建一个索引或指定每个属性的数据类型之类的，可以直接只索引一个文档。Elasticsearch 默认地完成其他一切，因此所有必需的管理任务都在后台使用默认设置完成。

curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/1" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}
'
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/2" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{
    "first_name" :  "Jane",
    "last_name" :   "Smith",
    "age" :         32,
    "about" :       "I like to collect rock albums",
    "interests":  [ "music" ]
}
'
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/3" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{
    "first_name" :  "Douglas",
    "last_name" :   "Fir",
    "age" :         35,
    "about":        "I like to build cabinets",
    "interests":  [ "forestry" ]
}
'

二、检索文档

1.检索单个雇员的数据。这在 Elasticsearch 中很简单。简单地执行一个 HTTP GET 请求并指定文档的地址——索引库、类型和ID。使用这三个信息可以返回原始的 JSON 文档

[root@192.168.127.134 ~]#curl -X GET "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/1"
{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"1","_version":1,"found":true,"_source":
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}
}

2. 我们使用下列请求来搜索所有雇员

[root@192.168.127.134 ~]#curl -X GET "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/_search"
{"took":556,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":5,"successful":5,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":3,"max_score":1.0,"hits":[{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"2","_score":1.0,"_source":
{
    "first_name" :  "Jane",
    "last_name" :   "Smith",
    "age" :         32,
    "about" :       "I like to collect rock albums",
    "interests":  [ "music" ]
}
},{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"1","_score":1.0,"_source":
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}
},{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"3","_score":1.0,"_source":
{
    "first_name" :  "Douglas",
    "last_name" :   "Fir",
    "age" :         35,
    "about":        "I like to build cabinets",
    "interests":  [ "forestry" ]
}
}]}}

可以看到，我们仍然使用索引库 megacorp 以及类型 employee`，但与指定一个文档 ID 不同，这次使用 `_search 。返回结果包括了所有三个文档，放在数组 hits 中。

3.搜索姓氏为 ``Smith`` 的雇员。这个方法一般涉及到一个 查询字符串 （_query-string_）搜索，因为我们通过一个URL参数来传递查询信息给搜索接口，我们仍然在请求路径中使用 _search 端点，并将查询本身赋值给参数 q= 。

[root@192.168.127.134 ~]#curl -X GET "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/_search?q=last_name:Smith"
{"took":4390,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":5,"successful":5,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":2,"max_score":0.2876821,"hits":[{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"2","_score":0.2876821,"_source":
{
    "first_name" :  "Jane",
    "last_name" :   "Smith",
    "age" :         32,
    "about" :       "I like to collect rock albums",
    "interests":  [ "music" ]
}
},{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"1","_score":0.2876821,"_source":
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}
}]}}

Query-string 搜索通过命令非常方便地进行临时性的即席搜索，但它有自身的局限性（参见轻量搜索）。Elasticsearch 提供一个丰富灵活的查询语言叫做 查询表达式 ，它支持构建更加复杂和健壮的查询。

领域特定语言 （DSL），指定了使用一个 JSON 请求。我们可以像这样重写之前的查询所有 Smith 的搜索：

[root@192.168.127.134 ~]#curl -X GET "localhost:9200/megacorp/employee/_search" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d'
{
    "query" : {
        "match" : {
            "last_name" : "Smith"
        }
    }
}
'
{"took":40,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":5,"successful":5,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":2,"max_score":0.2876821,"hits":[{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"2","_score":0.2876821,"_source":
{
    "first_name" :  "Jane",
    "last_name" :   "Smith",
    "age" :         32,
    "about" :       "I like to collect rock albums",
    "interests":  [ "music" ]
}
},{"_index":"megacorp","_type":"employee","_id":"1","_score":0.2876821,"_source":
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}
}]}}