if 语句(statement)
Conditionals Make Decisions
def f(x):
print("A", end="")
if x == 0:
print("B", end="")
print("C", end="")
print("D")
f(1)
#结果为 AD
一个更有意思的例子:
任务:实现一个函数,返回输入数字的绝对值
Python 内置了一个函数叫
abs()
用于绝对值计算,所以我们将函数命名成abs1
、abs2
……
def abs1(n):
if n < 0:
n = -n
return n
print("abs1(5) =", abs1(5), "and abs1(-5) =", abs1(-5))
print("abs2(5) =", abs2(5), "and abs2(-5) =", abs2(-5))
print("abs3(5) =", abs3(5), "and abs3(-5) =", abs3(-5))
print("abs4(5) =", abs4(5), "and abs4(-5) =", abs4(-5))
"""
结果为
abs1(5) = 5 and abs1(-5) = 5
abs2(5) = 5 and abs2(-5) = 5
abs3(5) = 5 and abs3(-5) = 5
abs4(5) = 5 and abs4(-5) = 5
"""
if-else 语句(statement)
x = input("x=")
x = float(x)
print("hello")
if x < 10:
print("wahoo!")
print("goodbye")
f(0)
f(1)
f(2)
"""
结果为
ABCG
ADEG
ADFG
"""
重新设计 abs()
def abs5(n):
if n >= 0:
return n
else:
return -n
def abs6(n):
if n >= 0:
sign = +1
else:
sign = -1
return sign * n
print("abs5(5) =", abs5(5), "and abs5(-5) =", abs5(-5))
print("abs6(5) =", abs6(5), "and abs6(-5) =", abs6(-5))
"""
结果为:
abs5(5) = 5 and abs5(-5) = 5
abs6(5) = 5 and abs6(-5) = 5
"""
if-elif-else 语句
def f(x):
print("A", end="")
if x == 0:
print("B", end="")
print("C", end="")
elif x == 1:
print("D", end="")
else:
print("E", end="")
if x == 2:
print("F", end="")
else:
print("G", end="")
print("H")
"""
结果为:
ABCH
ADH
AEFH
AEGH
"""
另一个更有意思的例子:
任务:实现一个函数,输入一元二次函数的各项系数,返回其解的个数。
提示:一元二次方程 ax2+bx+c=0 (a≠0)��2+��+�=0 (�≠0) 的根与根的判别式 有如下关系:
Δ=b2−4acΔ=�2−4��
当 Δ>0Δ>0 时,方程有两个不相等的实数根;
当 Δ=0Δ=0 时,方程有两个相等的实数根;
当 Δ<0Δ<0 时,方程无实数根。
def numberOfRoots(a, b, c):
# 返回 y 的实数根(零点)数量: y = a*x**2 + b*x + c
d = b**2 - 4*a*c
if d > 0:
return 2
elif d == 0:
return 1
else:
return 0
print("y = 4*x**2 + 5*x + 1 has", numberOfRoots(4,5,1), "root(s).")
print("y = 4*x**2 + 4*x + 1 has", numberOfRoots(4,4,1), "root(s).")
print("y = 4*x**2 + 3*x + 1 has", numberOfRoots(4,3,1), "root(s).")
"""
结果为
y = 4*x**2 + 5*x + 1 has 2 root(s).
y = 4*x**2 + 4*x + 1 has 1 root(s).
y = 4*x**2 + 3*x + 1 has 0 root(s).
"""
再来一个例子:
实现传说中的“学生分数登记管理系统”
def getGrade(score):
if score >= 90:
grade = "A"
elif score >= 80:
grade = "B"
elif score >= 70:
grade = "C"
elif score >= 60:
grade = "D"
else:
grade = "F"
return grade
print("103 -->", getGrade(103))
print(" 88 -->", getGrade(88))
print(" 70 -->", getGrade(70))
print(" 61 -->", getGrade(61))
print(" 22 -->", getGrade(22))
"""
结果为:
103 --> A
88 --> B
70 --> C
61 --> D
22 --> F
"""
if-else 推导式(expression)
def abs7(n):
return n if (n >= 0) else -n
print("abs7(5) =", abs7(5), "and abs7(-5) =", abs7(-5))
"""
结果为:
abs7(5) = 5 and abs7(-5) = 5
"""
match-case 语句
def http_error(status):
match status:
case 400:
return "Bad request"
case 404:
return "Not found"
case 418:
return "I'm a teapot"
case _:
return "Something's wrong with the internet"
mystatus=400
print(http_error(400))
#结果为:Bad request
一个 case 也可以设置多个匹配条件,条件使用 | 隔开,例如:
...
case 401|403|404:
return "Not allowed"
随堂练习
背景:小 ϵ 是一名大四学生,他的学校毕业要求是通过大学英语六级考试,你能写个程序看看他能不能毕业嘛?
输入格式:1-2 个整数,以空格分隔,第一个数字代表 CET 4 成绩,第二个数字代表 CET 6 成绩,如果四级未通过则没有六级成绩。
输出格式:1 个字符串,Yes
代表能够毕业,No
代表不能毕业。
输入示例:
500 430
输出示例:
Yes
def IsGraduate(cet4,cet6):
if cet4 >= 425 and cet6 >= 425:
return "Yes"
else:
return "NO"
cet = input.split()
# "500 430"
# "500"
if " " in cet :
cet4,cet6 = input.split()
cet4 = float(cet4)
cet6 = float(cet6)
else :
cet4 = float(cet)
cet6 = None
print(IsGraduate(cet4,cet6))
清晰的代码风格 Clarity and style
# 又混乱又有产生 bug 的风险:
c = 'a'
if (c >= 'A') and (c <= 'Z'):
print('Uppercase!')
if (c >= 'a') and (c <= 'z'):
print('lowercase!')
if (c < 'A') or ((c > 'Z') and (c < 'a')) or (c > 'z'):
print ('not a letter!')
#结果为:lowercase!
# 更好的做法:
c = 'a'
if (c >= 'A') and (c <= 'Z'):
print('Uppercase!')
elif (c >= 'a') and (c <= 'z'):
print('lowercase!')
else:
print('not a letter!')
使用一些 trick(如用算数逻辑来代替布尔逻辑)
# 不清晰的:
x = 42
y = ((x > 0) and 99)
# 清晰的:
x = 42
if x > 0:
y = 99
总结
-
Conditionals Make Decisions.
-
if-else 结构构成了 Python 分支控制,if 还能嵌套使用。
-
合理的编写风格会让代码更易读,还能尽可能避免引入 bug。