3天入门R

写在前面：这篇文章主要归纳了R的基本数据类型和语法，如题目所示，3天入门R不是梦，只需要有Python和Java的基础就行啦

 

#因为参考的是英文资料，就用英文整理的笔记，如造成阅读不方便，实在抱歉！

 

 

Data Type:

• scalars: one value
• vectors:  a set of scalars arranged in a one-dimensional array; data values are all same mode; 
  • c() // enter at the same time
  • scan() // enter one by one; stop: leave an entry blank
  • Vectors of same lengths can add up together, element-wise
  • Warning ! short vector add long vector, first element of short vector is append to end to make two vectors same length, then second .... 
  • combine two vectors: c(v1, v2)
  • vectors with same entries : rep(entry, times)

rep(3,7)

[1] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

• factors: a special type of character vector; 
  • create a char vector first then convert into factor

settings <- c("high", "medium", "low")

settings <- factor(settings)

# levels: high low medium ----> values of categorical variables

• matrices: collections of data values in two dimensions;
  •  declare: matrix(), takes arguments as a data vector and specification parameters, # of rows and cols
  • e.g. matrix(c(2,3,4,5)), nrow = 2, ncol = 2) or matrix with all 1 matrix(1, nrow = 2, ncol = 3)
  • if matrix needs more num to fullfill, then cycle the num already have from begining
• arrays: a matrix with more than two dimensions;
• lists: contain data with diff modes and encompass other data objects;
  • list()
  • e.g. list(5, 6, "seven", T)
  • List values are indexed with [[ ]]
• data frames: like a spreadsheet;
  • each col is a vector; within each col, data elements must be the same mode;
  • diff vectors have diff modes;
  • all vectors must be same length
  • To create a data frame object, first create vectors that make up the data frame, e.g. v1, v2, v3 (equal length)
  • data.frame( col_name = v1, ...)

properties: type, value & data mode, variable name

Data Modes:

• character: single o double quotations;
• numeric
• logical T/F

R-Syntax:

ctrl + shift+c: comment on or out

headers: 

• # level1 , ## level2 .etc
• followed at least 4 #, =, -

 

Command	Syntax	Notes		Command	Syntax	Notes
Run script in console	ctrl + return			Vector     check vector	(2,4,5,6) ("s","d","e") (T, F, T) is.vector(var_name)	single dimension   even a single value is a vector
打印数字   Use function	a:b   seq(10)  seq(30,0,-3)	either increase or decrease 1 to 10 decrease with step		Matrix	matrix(c(2,3,4,5,6,7), nrow = 2)	2 4 6 3 5 7 default: one go 1st row and next go second row
Assignment Multiple assign	a <- 2 a <- b <- 2	a gets 2		byrow = T	c(2,3,4,5,6,7), nrow = 2, byrow = T	2 3 4 5 6 7
Assign multi-value	x <- c(1,2,3,4)	c = combine/concatenate		Array	array( c(1:24), c(4, 3, 2))	give data dimension (row, col, tables)
Auto print	(x <- 3)	don't need extra x		Data Frame	cbind() var_name  var_name value          value	auto change double into char, even T,F
log	log(4) log10(100)	base e base 10			as.data.frame(cbind())	remains diff data type
Numeric	默认类型 double	double precision by default		List	list()	can have mix data type list will show index of each element
Check type	typeof(var_name) mode()	same result as above		Coerce  强制改变类型	s <- c(1, "b, T) o <- as.integer(5) s1 <- as.numeric(c("1", "2"))	all become char typeof(o) --> integer   typeof(s1) --> double
character	"c" "a long char"	no string in R		Coerce matrix to data frame	matrix(1:9, nrow= 3)
Logical	TRUE/FALSE	赋值时可以T/F			as.data.frame(matrix(1:9, nrow= 3))
Clear environment	rm(list = ls())			Clear Packages	p_unload(all) detach("package:datasets", unload = T)	for base
Clear plots	dev.off()	only if there is a plot		Clear Console	cat("\014")	ctrl + L

load package:

pacman::p_load(pacman, xx, xx, xx)

 

Pipes: break down complex syntax and make it easy to follow " %>% "

 

 

 

Import data from csv doc or excel doc:

Graph:

bargraph() 

bargraph(x, col="col_name")

• index (red3, grey7)
• index number

bargraph(x, col= colors() [507])

• RGB (0-1) or (0-255)
• hexcode

 

---

Working with Vectors:

1. Address specific element: variable_name[index]
2. Select a range: variable_name[start:end] inclusive both sides
3. Overwrite: e.g. z[3] <- 7
4. Sort data from small to large: sort()
5. Order of element: order() // according to the order after sorting, not original order.

z <- c(2,3,6,7,3,4)

order(z)

[1] 1 2 5 6 3 4 // sort(z) --> 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 7

//order generates index of sorted vector

 

1. Extract subsets of data from vectors: 

• directly identify specifc elements and assign to new variable

z3 <- z[c(2, 3)] // elements with index 2 and 3

• create a logical criterion to select certain elements

z3 <- z[z>100]

1. Get length of vector: length()

 

---

Working with Data Frames:

1. Address specific col/ vector: data_frame_name $vector_name
2. Address specific element of a data frame: data_frame_name $vector_name[index]

           e.g. xy$x[2]

1. Add col or row to a data frame:
   • add row: rbind() e.g. df <- rbind(xy, w) // work for matrices as well
   • add col: cbind(), e.g. xyz <- cbind(xy, z)
2. Checking and Changing Types:
   • " is.what"
   • Check data object: is.vector(), is.data.frame()
   • Check data mode: is.character(), is.numeric()
   • " as.what", assign new data object to a variable
   • Change data object: e.g. y <- as.matrix(x)
   • Change data mode: e.g. numerical to char z <- as.character(x)
   • !!! illogical conversion, such as convert char to num, convert to NA values. 

               

 

---

Missing Data

• Using NA value
• Computations performed on NA, NA carries to the reuslt. e.g. NA * 2 = NA
• Check is a NA or not: is.na()

 

---

Listing and Deleting objects in Memory:

 

• List current objects in current workspace memory
  • ls()
  • objects()
• Remove specific object
  • rm(object1, object2,...)

 

Data Edit:

• data.entry() ---> pop up a spreadsheet like table

 

Save Work:

• save to file: save everything (command, output, etc)
• savehistory: save commands and objects
  • format: *.Rhistory file
  • savehistory(file = "fileName.Rhistory")
  • including the command "savehistory()"
• save image: save objects only
  • save.image() ---> create a .RData file 
  • save.image(filename) ---> create a file with name
  • create a R workspace file
  • Load a previously saved workspace: load("directory")

 

---

Importing Files:

 

Read functions

• read.table();
  • read in a flat file data file, ASCII text format.
  • Arguments:
    • file name, header=T,
    • fileEncoding="xxx" (optional)
    • row.names = xx （optional）or col.names = "xxx"
  • data frame object
  • separator:
    • sep = " ", sep = "\t" tab-delimited file
• read.csv()
  • read comma delineated spreadsheet file data
• scan()
  • used with an argument of a file name
  • import files of diff types
• read.xlsx()
  • use library(xlsx)
  • argument: file_name, sheetName="xx", header = T

 

---

Get Help:

• help(xx)
• ?xxx
• apropos() : don't know exact name of what you're looking for

 

---

R - Programming:

Syntax

• Semicolons separate statements: x <- 5; y <- 7
• Comment: use #
• Case sensitive

Arithmetic Operators:

• + - * / ^

Logical & Relational Operators:

• flow control
  • order
  • selcetion
  • repeting

 

Conditional Operators:

• if (condition is true)

                  then do this

• can become one line 

if (x<=y) z <- x+y

if(q<t) {w <- q+t} else w<-q-t #{} is not mandatory but good to have! don't use ()--> print w directly!

• {} curly bracket sets are frequently used to block sections of code; 
• indicate code continues on the next line

        

 

Looping:

• While

• For

• For loops can be nested.

• in matrix, don't need to define data mode

---

Subsetting with Logical Operators:

• use outcomes of a logical vector statement for subsettig a vector
• Only elements where outcomes are equals True will be selected

 

---

Functions:

 

ceiling(5.4) --> 6

 

Writing Functions:

• Address a col from a data.frame: data frame_name $ col_name

# e.g.

add_two_num <- function(num1, num2) {

    num1 + num2}

---

Data Summary Functions in R:

• summary() Function: 
  • present descriptive statistics: like min, 1st Qu...

 

Graphics:

1. High level plotting functions
   • plot()
     • with single argument, like plot(x)
     • values in y-axis; indices of value on x-axis
   • xlim=range(a:b)
   • main="name" (main title)
2. Low-level plotting functions
   • Add additional information to an existing plot (such as lines)
   • title(main="xxx") OR title("xxxx") similar as arguments of high-level plotting functions
   • text(x, y, label="xxxx")
   • lines(x,y)
   • !! working with multiple plots, low-level plotting function used to apply to most recently added plot
3. Graphical parameter functions
   1. control graphics window
   2. fine-tune appearance of graphics with color, text and fonts
   3. par():
      1. split graphics screen to display more than one plot on graphic device at one time
      2. use mfrow or mfcol parameters of par function
      3. mfrow: draw plots in row order (row1, col 1; row1, col 2) horizontal display
      4. mfcol: draw plots in col order (row 1, col 1; row 2, col 1) vertical display

 

                                        High-Level

 

                                        Lower-Level

                                       Graphical Parameters

• Histogram
  • hist()
  • argument, las = 1(顺时针90度): rotate labels on y-axis 
  • las can take value (0, 1, 2, 3)
    • 0: label parallel to axis(default)
    • 1: horzontally
    • 2: perpendicular 垂直 to axis
    • 3: placed vertically
  • breaks=c(num1, num2...)
  • breaks=c(seq(begin_num, end_num, step)