手把手入门：tensorflow案例实战MNIST（内附源代码和数据集）

tensorflow一个简单的例子

tensorflow一个简单的例子：定义变量w和x，计算wx的值。跟numpy定义变量一样很相似，不同点在于：使用tf的时候，需要进行全局变量初始化操作。tf的所有操作都是在session中进行的，可以理解为tf首先定义了一个画板，然后所有的操作类似于在画板中画画一样。

import tensorflow as tf
w = tf.Variable([[0.5,1.0]])
x = tf.Variable([[2.0],
                 [1.0]])
y = tf.matmul(w,x)
init_op = tf.global_variables_initializer()
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init_op)
    print(sess.run(y))

[[2.]]

numpy转换为tensor

既然tensor跟numpy定义变量的形式很像，那么我们是不是可以通过某种函数将numpy转换为tensor呢？
答案是yes啦，我们可以使用tf中的convert_to_tensor函数来进行转换，示例如下：

import numpy as np
s = np.zeros((9,9))
s_tensor = tf.convert_to_tensor(s)
with tf.Session() as sess:
    print(sess.run(s_tensor))

[[0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]]

placeholder

之前我们设置了一个画板session，在里面创建了w和x。placeholder函数则是在画板中先预占一个位置，可以在之后对其进行赋值。feed_dict以字典的方式对变量在run的时候进行赋值。

input1 = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
input2 = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
output = tf.multiply(input1,input2)
with tf.Session() as sess:
    print(sess.run(output,feed_dict={
   input1:[7.99],input2:[3.2]})) 

[25.567999]

用tensorflow实现一个线性函数

1、制作数据集

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 随机生成点
num_points = 500
vectors_set = []
for i in range(num_points):
    x1 = np.random.normal(0,0.5)  # 随机高斯随机化
    y1 = x1 * 0.2 + 0.5 + np.random.normal(0,0.05) # 按照高斯随机产生噪点
    vectors_set.append([x1,y1])
# 生成一些样本点
x_data = [x[0] for x in vectors_set]
y_data = [x[1] for x in vectors_set]
# 画散点图，查看数据点分布情况
plt.scatter(x_data,y_data,c='r')
plt.show()

模型训练

计算误差，并使用梯度下降的方法进行训练。

# 初始化w和b
# 生成1维的w矩阵，取值是-1到1之间的随机数
W = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([1],-1,1),name='W')
#生成1维的b矩阵，初始值是0 + 0.01
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1]),name='b') + 0.01

# 计算预估的y值
y = W*x_data + b

# 计算真实值和预估值之间的误差
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(y-y_data),name='loss')
# 采用梯度下降法来优化参数
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1)
# 训练的过程是最小化误差值
train = optimizer.minimize(loss,name="train")

# 对变量进行初始化
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init)
    # 执行300次训练，每隔50步打印一次训练情况
    for step in range(200):
        sess.run(train)
        if step%50 == 0:
            print(step, "W=",sess.run(W),"b=",sess.run(b),"loss=",sess.run(loss))

0 W= [0.15018867] b= [0.10818303] loss= 0.15713301
50 W= [0.1915173] b= [0.5012479] loss= 0.0024183749
100 W= [0.19657716] b= [0.5013066] loss= 0.0024114968
150 W= [0.19714049] b= [0.5013125] loss= 0.002411412

Mnist

1、数据集的下载

# 从input_data类中加载数据集，如果有需要请私聊
import input_data
print("packs loading")
print("Download and Extract MNIST dataset")
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('data/',one_hot=True)
print("data sets:")
print("type of mnist is %s"%(type(mnist)))
print("number of train data is %d"%(mnist.train.num_examples))
print("number of test data is %d"%(mnist.test.num_examples))

packs loading
Download and Extract MNIST dataset
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\flinjin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\mnist.py:260: maybe_download (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.base) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please write your own downloading logic.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\flinjin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\base.py:252: _internal_retry.<locals>.wrap.<locals>.wrapped_fn (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.base) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please use urllib or similar directly.
Successfully downloaded train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz 9912422 bytes.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\flinjin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\mnist.py:262: extract_images (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.mnist) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please use tf.data to implement this functionality.
Extracting data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Successfully downloaded train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz 28881 bytes.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\flinjin\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\mnist.py:267: extract_labels (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.mnist) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please use tf.data t