舞蹈链(DLX)
算法讲解
在kuangbin第三套里面学习了DLX。
这个东西说明白了就是精确覆盖和重复覆盖的特殊搜索剪枝。所以复杂度贴近暴搜,比赛里面我还没见过用DLX的题目。
具体DLX的原理我这就不写了,给大家推荐个写的好的大佬博客~
个人觉得DLX几乎可以当作黑盒用。只要转化成行坐标是你的所有选择,列坐标所有是你需要覆盖的,每行是每个选择可以覆盖的,就ok了。
这里先给大家贴下我的精确覆盖和重复覆盖的模板
精确覆盖
const int MN = 1005;//最大行数
const int MM = 1005;//最大列数
const int MNN = (int) 1e5 + 5 + MM; //最大点数
struct DLX {
int n, m, si;
int U[MNN], D[MNN], L[MNN], R[MNN], Row[MNN], Col[MNN];
int H[MN], S[MM];
int ansd, ans[MN];
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
S[i] = 0;
U[i] = D[i] = i;
L[i] = i - 1;
R[i] = i + 1;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
si = m;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
H[i] = -1;
}
void link(int r, int c) {
++S[Col[++si] = c];
Row[si] = r;
D[si] = D[c];
U[D[c]] = si;
U[si] = c;
D[c] = si;
if (H[r] < 0)
H[r] = L[si] = R[si] = si;
else {
R[si] = R[H[r]];
L[R[H[r]]] = si;
L[si] = H[r];
R[H[r]] = si;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
L[R[c]] = L[c];
R[L[c]] = R[c];
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j]) {
U[D[j]] = U[j];
D[U[j]] = D[j];
--S[Col[j]];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i])
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
++S[Col[U[D[j]] = D[U[j]] = j]];
L[R[c]] = R[L[c]] = c;
}
bool dance(int d) {
if (ansd != -1 && ansd < d)return 0;
if (R[0] == 0) {
if (ansd == -1)ansd = d;
else if (d < ansd) ansd = d;
return 1;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
remove(c);
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
ans[d] = Row[i];
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(Col[j]);
(dance(d + 1));
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(Col[j]);
}
resume(c);
return 0;
}
} dlx;
重复覆盖
const int MN = 55;//最大行数
const int MM = 55;//最大列数
const int MNN = MM * MN + MM + MN + 10; //最大点数
struct DLX {
int n, m, si;
int U[MNN], D[MNN], L[MNN], R[MNN], Row[MNN], Col[MNN];
int H[MN], S[MM];
int ansd, ans[MN];
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
S[i] = 0;
U[i] = D[i] = i;
L[i] = i - 1;
R[i] = i + 1;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
si = m;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
H[i] = -1;
}
void link(int r, int c) {
++S[Col[++si] = c];
Row[si] = r;
D[si] = D[c];
U[D[c]] = si;
U[si] = c;
D[c] = si;
if (H[r] < 0)
H[r] = L[si] = R[si] = si;
else {
R[si] = R[H[r]];
L[R[H[r]]] = si;
L[si] = H[r];
R[H[r]] = si;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
L[R[i]] = L[i], R[L[i]] = R[i];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i]) {
L[R[i]] = R[L[i]] = i;
}
}
int f_check() {
int vis[MNN];
memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
int ret = 0;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c]) vis[c] = true;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c])
if (vis[c]) {
ret++;
vis[c] = false;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
vis[Col[j]] = false;
}
return ret;
}
bool dance(int d, int limit) {
if (d > limit)return false;
if (d + f_check() > limit)return false;
if (R[0] == 0) {
ansd = d;
return true;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
ans[d] = Row[i];
remove(i);
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(j);
if (dance(d + 1, limit)) return true;
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(j);
resume(i);
}
return false;
}
} dlx;
题解
我这里面主要就把kuangbin套题前几题的题解稍微写写。
ZOJ-3209 Treasure Map
传送门:ZOJ-3209
题意
给你一个n*m的矩阵,再给你p个小矩阵,告诉你每个矩阵的左下角坐标和右上角坐标,要求你用小矩阵覆盖大矩阵,同时小矩阵不能重叠,求至少用几个矩阵。
题解
把小矩阵的编号作为行,把所有点作为列,这样就转化成了精确覆盖问题了,模板一通xjb套,ac~
ac代码
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int maxn = (int) 1e6 + 7;
typedef long long ll;
const int MN = 1005;//最大行数
const int MM = 1005;//最大列数
const int MNN = (int) 1e5 + 5 + MM; //最大点数
struct DLX {
int n, m, si;
int U[MNN], D[MNN], L[MNN], R[MNN], Row[MNN], Col[MNN];
int H[MN], S[MM];
int ansd, ans[MN];
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
S[i] = 0;
U[i] = D[i] = i;
L[i] = i - 1;
R[i] = i + 1;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
si = m;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
H[i] = -1;
}
void link(int r, int c) {
++S[Col[++si] = c];
Row[si] = r;
D[si] = D[c];
U[D[c]] = si;
U[si] = c;
D[c] = si;
if (H[r] < 0)
H[r] = L[si] = R[si] = si;
else {
R[si] = R[H[r]];
L[R[H[r]]] = si;
L[si] = H[r];
R[H[r]] = si;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
L[R[c]] = L[c];
R[L[c]] = R[c];
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j]) {
U[D[j]] = U[j];
D[U[j]] = D[j];
--S[Col[j]];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i])
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
++S[Col[U[D[j]] = D[U[j]] = j]];
L[R[c]] = R[L[c]] = c;
}
bool dance(int d) {
if (ansd != -1 && ansd < d)return 0;
if (R[0] == 0) {
if (ansd == -1)ansd = d;
else if (d < ansd) ansd = d;
return 1;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
remove(c);
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
ans[d] = Row[i];
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(Col[j]);
(dance(d + 1));
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(Col[j]);
}
resume(c);
return 0;
}
} dlx;
int main() {
#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
#endif
int T;
cin >> T;
while (T--) {
int n, m, p;
cin >> n >> m >> p;
dlx.init(p, n * m);
for (int i = 1; i <= p; i++) {
int x1, y1, x2, y2;
cin >> x1 >> y1 >> x2 >> y2;
for (int j = x1 + 1; j <= x2; j++) {
for (int k = y1 + 1; k <= y2; k++) {
dlx.link(i, (j - 1) * m + k);
}
}
}
dlx.ansd = -1;
dlx.dance(0);
cout << dlx.ansd << endl;
}
return 0;
}
HDU - 2295 Chef and Graph Queries
传送门:HDU-2295
题意
给了n个点和m个圆心,在用不多于k个圆的情况下,使得所有的点被覆盖,最小的圆半径多大
题解
就二分一下答案,判断条件就是用了小于等于k个圆,行为圆,列为点,重复覆盖往上一套,注意一下精度,ac~
ac代码
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int maxn = (int) 1e6 + 7;
typedef long long ll;
#define clr(x) memset(x,0,sizeof(x));
struct rec {
int x, y;
};
rec city[maxn], rad[maxn];
double dis[55][55];
const int MN = 55;//最大行数
const int MM = 55;//最大列数
const int MNN = MM * MN + MM + MN + 10; //最大点数
struct DLX {
int n, m, si;
int U[MNN], D[MNN], L[MNN], R[MNN], Row[MNN], Col[MNN];
int H[MN], S[MM];
int ansd, ans[MN];
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
S[i] = 0;
U[i] = D[i] = i;
L[i] = i - 1;
R[i] = i + 1;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
si = m;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
H[i] = -1;
}
void link(int r, int c) {
++S[Col[++si] = c];
Row[si] = r;
D[si] = D[c];
U[D[c]] = si;
U[si] = c;
D[c] = si;
if (H[r] < 0)
H[r] = L[si] = R[si] = si;
else {
R[si] = R[H[r]];
L[R[H[r]]] = si;
L[si] = H[r];
R[H[r]] = si;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
L[R[i]] = L[i], R[L[i]] = R[i];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i]) {
L[R[i]] = R[L[i]] = i;
}
}
int f_check() {
int vis[MNN];
memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
int ret = 0;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c]) vis[c] = true;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c])
if (vis[c]) {
ret++;
vis[c] = false;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
vis[Col[j]] = false;
}
return ret;
}
bool dance(int d, int limit) {
if (d > limit)return false;
if (d + f_check() > limit)return false;
if (R[0] == 0) {
ansd = d;
return true;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
ans[d] = Row[i];
remove(i);
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(j);
if (dance(d + 1, limit)) return true;
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(j);
resume(i);
}
return false;
}
} dlx;
int main() {
#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
#endif
int T, n, m, k;
cin >> T;
while (T--) {
clr(city);
clr(rad);
clr(dis);
double mx = 0;
cin >> n >> m >> k;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
cin >> city[i].x >> city[i].y;
}
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
cin >> rad[i].x >> rad[i].y;
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
double x = 1.0 * city[i].x - rad[j].x;
double y = 1.0 * city[i].y - rad[j].y;
dis[i][j] = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
mx = max(dis[i][j], mx);
}
}
double r = mx * 2;
double l = 0;
while (r - l > 1e-8) {
double mid = (r + l) / 2;
dlx.init(m, n);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
if (dis[i][j] < mid) dlx.link(j, i);
}
}
dlx.ansd = -1;
if (dlx.dance(0, k)) r = mid;
else l = mid;
}
printf("%.6lf\n", l);
}
return 0;
}
FZU - 1686 神龙的难题
传送门:FZU - 1686
题意
中文题题我就不写题意了哈,我相信没有外国人看我博客~
题解
很经典的一道重复覆盖~
和第一题有点像吧,就像第一题一样作,只是别忘了把没有怪物的点去掉就ok了。去掉的办法就是构建一个只有内些没有怪物的点的覆盖,先把这个覆盖放进去,就完成构造了。剩下的构造就和第一题完全一样咯~
ac代码
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include <queue>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stack>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int maxn = (int) 1e6 + 7;
typedef long long ll;
#define clr(x) memset(x,0,sizeof(x));
struct rec {
int x, num;
} mp[20][20];
const int MN = 250;//最大行数
const int MM = 250;//最大列数
const int MNN = MM * MN; //最大点数
struct DLX {
int n, m, si;
int U[MNN], D[MNN], L[MNN], R[MNN], Row[MNN], Col[MNN];
int H[MN], S[MM];
int ansd, ans[MN];
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
S[i] = 0;
U[i] = D[i] = i;
L[i] = i - 1;
R[i] = i + 1;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
si = m;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
H[i] = -1;
}
void link(int r, int c) {
++S[Col[++si] = c];
Row[si] = r;
D[si] = D[c];
U[D[c]] = si;
U[si] = c;
D[c] = si;
if (H[r] < 0)
H[r] = L[si] = R[si] = si;
else {
R[si] = R[H[r]];
L[R[H[r]]] = si;
L[si] = H[r];
R[H[r]] = si;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
L[R[i]] = L[i], R[L[i]] = R[i];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i]) {
L[R[i]] = R[L[i]] = i;
}
}
bool vis[MNN];
int f_check() {
memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
int ret = 0;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c]) vis[c] = true;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c])
if (vis[c]) {
ret++;
vis[c] = false;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
vis[Col[j]] = false;
}
return ret;
}
void dance(int d) {
if (d + f_check() >= ansd)return;
if (R[0] == 0) {
if (ansd > d) ansd = d;
return;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
ans[d] = Row[i];
remove(i);
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(j);
dance(d + 1);
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(j);
resume(i);
}
}
} dlx;
int main() {
#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
#endif
int n, m;
while (cin >> n >> m) {
clr(mp);
int tot = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
int q;
cin >> q;
mp[i][j].x = q;
if (q == 1) {
tot++;
mp[i][j].num = tot;
}
}
}
int x, y;
cin >> x >> y;
dlx.init(n * m, tot);
int num = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n - x + 1; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m - y + 1; j++) {
num++;
for (int r = i; r <= i + x - 1; r++) {
for (int c = j; c <= j + y - 1; c++) {
if (mp[r][c].x) {
dlx.link(num, mp[r][c].num);
}
}
}
}
}
dlx.ansd = inf;
dlx.dance(0);
cout << dlx.ansd << endl;
}
return 0;
}
POJ-1084 Square Destroyer
传送门:POJ-1084
题意
给出一个n*n的大网格,然后它由一系列的火柴拼成,题中给的图片是第二组测试数据。现在我们已经删掉了若干个火柴,问至少还需要删掉多少火柴,才能使图中的若干个正方形全部被破坏。
题解
这个题的建图可是不是一般的恶心,每个正方形都需要有其上的至少一根火柴被选,那么就转化成了DLX模型。每行是一跟火柴,每列是一个正方形,当然正方形个数是<=5*5+4*4+3*3+2*2+1*1=55的,然后显然若某行这根火柴在某列的正方形中,则new一个节点。这样就可以直接套板子就ok了。
ac代码
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
const int INF = 10e8;
const int MaxN = 70;
const int MaxM = 70;
const int MaxNode = MaxN * MaxM;
struct DLX {
int L[MaxNode], R[MaxNode], U[MaxNode], D[MaxNode], col[MaxNode], row[MaxNode];
int S[MaxM], H[MaxN];
int n, m, size;
int ans;
void init(int _n, int _m) {
n = _n;
m = _m;
for (int i = 0; i <= m; ++i) {
U[i] = D[i] = i;
R[i] = i + 1;
L[i] = i - 1;
row[i] = 0; // !!!
S[i] = 0;
}
R[m] = 0;
L[0] = m;
size = m;
ans = INF;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) // !!!
H[i] = -1;
}
void Link(int r, int c) {
col[++size] = c;
++S[c];
row[size] = r;
U[size] = U[c];
D[size] = c;
D[U[c]] = size;
U[c] = size;
if (H[r] == -1)
H[r] = L[size] = R[size] = size;
else {
L[size] = L[H[r]];
R[size] = H[r];
R[L[H[r]]] = size;
L[H[r]] = size;
}
}
void remove(int c) {
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
R[L[i]] = R[i];
L[R[i]] = L[i];
}
}
void remove1(int r) {
if (H[r] == -1)
return;
for (int i = U[H[r]]; i != H[r]; i = U[i]) {
if (H[row[i]] == i) // !!!
{
if (R[i] == i)
H[row[i]] = -1;
else
H[row[i]] = R[i];
}
L[R[i]] = L[i];
R[L[i]] = R[i];
}
for (int i = R[H[r]]; i != H[r]; i = R[i])
for (int j = U[i]; j != i; j = U[j]) {
if (H[row[j]] == j) {
if (R[j] == j)
H[row[j]] = -1;
else
H[row[j]] = R[j];
}
L[R[j]] = L[j];
R[L[j]] = R[j];
}
}
void resume(int c) {
for (int i = U[c]; i != c; i = U[i])
R[L[i]] = L[R[i]] = i;
}
bool vis[MaxM];
int getH() {
int ret = 0;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c])
vis[c] = 1;
for (int c = R[0]; c != 0; c = R[c])
if (vis[c]) {
++ret;
vis[c] = 0;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i])
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
vis[col[j]] = 0;
}
return ret;
}
void Dance(int d) {
if (d + getH() >= ans)
return;
if (R[0] == 0) {
if (d < ans)
ans = d;
return;
}
int c = R[0];
for (int i = R[0]; i != 0; i = R[i])
if (S[i] < S[c])
c = i;
for (int i = D[c]; i != c; i = D[i]) {
remove(i);
for (int j = R[i]; j != i; j = R[j])
remove(j);
Dance(d + 1);
for (int j = L[i]; j != i; j = L[j])
resume(j);
resume(i);
}
}
}dlx;
int N;
int ans1[6] = {0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14};
void slove() {
dlx.init(2 * N * (N + 1), N * (N + 1) * (2 * N + 1) / 6);
int t1, t2;
int cou = 0;
int K, a;
cin >> K;
if (K == 0) {
cout << ans1[N] << endl;
return;
}
for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
for (int j = 1; j <= (N - i + 1) * (N - i + 1); ++j) {
++cou;
t1 = (j - 1) % (N - i + 1) + 1 + (2 * N + 1) * ((j - 1) / (N - i + 1));
for (int k = 0; k < i; ++k) {
dlx.Link(k + t1, cou);
dlx.Link((2 * N + 1) * k + t1 + i - 1 + N + 1, cou);
dlx.Link((2 * N + 1) * k + t1 + N, cou);
dlx.Link(k + t1 + i * (2 * N + 1), cou);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < K; ++i) {
cin >> a;
dlx.remove1(a);
}
dlx.Dance(0);
if (dlx.ans == INF)
cout << 0 << endl;
else
cout << dlx.ans << endl;
}
int main() {
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
int T;
cin >> T;
while (T--) {
cin >> N;
slove();
}
return 0;
}
小计
自己也是真懒,隔了这么久才写博客~大家捧场啦~~~