Spring框架使用Junit测试时无法使用@Autowired

spring框架环境搭建完成后，在test文件中新建测试类TxTest，测试方法中使用@Autowired注解注入AccouService对象失败，报错空指针异常java.lang.NullPointerException

public class TxTest {
    @Autowired
    private AccountService accountService;

    @Test
    public void test01()
    {
    	accountService.accountMoney();
        System.out.println(accountService.listAll());
    }
}

报错如下：

java.lang.NullPointerException
	at TxTest.test01(TxTest.java:22)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:59)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:56)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:306)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner$1.evaluate(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:100)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:366)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:103)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:63)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$4.run(ParentRunner.java:331)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:79)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:329)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$100(ParentRunner.java:66)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:293)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:306)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:413)
	at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:137)
	at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:33)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:230)
	at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:58)

但通过getBean()方法手动获取容器中的AccouService对象没有问题

public class TxTest {  
    @Test
    public void test01()
    {
          ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");

          AccountService bean1 = ac.getBean(AccountService.class);
          System.out.println(bean1.listAll());
    }
}

运行结果成功，打印连接数据库后查询所有记录的结果：

七月 17, 2021 1:59:54 下午 com.alibaba.druid.support.logging.JakartaCommonsLoggingImpl info
信息: {dataSource-1} inited
[Account{id=1, name='Lucy', age=18, gender=1, total=900.0}, Account{id=2, name='Marry', age=25, gender=0, total=1100.0}]

说明数据库数据源等配置没有问题，解决Junit测试中无法使用@Autowired注解注入对象方式如下：

1. 导入spring整合junit测试的jar包

   <dependency>
     <groupId>junit</groupId>
     <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
     <version>4.13</version>
     <scope>test</scope>
   </dependency>
   <dependency>
     <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
     <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
     <version>5.2.4.RELEASE</version>
   </dependency>
   

   注意使用spring5.x时对应的JUnit版本必须是4.12以上
2. 在测试类上加上两个注解

• JUit4版本用法：
  • @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)，开启spring-junit测试环境
  • @ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:applicationContext.xml")
    • 基于xml的配置：使用locations属性填写xml文件所在位置
    • 基于注解的配置：使用classes属性填写配置类字节码文件名称
• JUnit5版本用法：
  • @ExtendWith(SpringExtention.class)
  • @ContextConfiguration(classes = TxConfig.class)
  • 可以使用一个复合注解替换以上两个注解：@SpringJUnitConfig(locations="classpath:applicationContext.xml")

更改后测试代码如下：

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:applicationContext.xml")
public class TxTest {
    @Autowired
    private AccountService accountService;

    @Test
    public void test01()
    {
        accountService.accountMoney();
        System.out.println(accountService.listAll());
    }
}

JUnit5依赖引入：

<dependency>
      <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
      <version>5.7.0</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

JUnit5测试类及注解使用方式：

//@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
//@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:applicationContext.xml")
//以上两个注解可以用下面一个注解替代
@SpringJUnitConfig(locations = "classpath:applicationContext.xml")
public class JUnit5Test {
    @Autowired
    AccountService accountService;

    @Test
    public void test() {
        accountService.accountMoney();
        System.out.println(accountService.listAll());
    }
}

运行正常，不再出现空指针异常。
参考视频：尚硅谷-Spring5框架最新版教程P52-整合JUnit5新功能
参考博客：Junit中@Autowired失效