JDK1.6 Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd)执行错误：Cannot allocate memory

最近遇到一个问题，在程序中通过Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd)调用Linux中的脚本文件执行脚本抛出了异常：

java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "sh": java.io.IOException: error=12, Cannot allocate memory
        at java.lang.ProcessBuilder.start(ProcessBuilder.java:459)
        at java.lang.Runtime.exec(Runtime.java:593)
        at java.lang.Runtime.exec(Runtime.java:431)
        at java.lang.Runtime.exec(Runtime.java:328)
	...
        at org.springframework.scheduling.support.DelegatingErrorHandlingRunnable.run(DelegatingErrorHandlingRunnable.java:51)
        at org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ReschedulingRunnable.run(ReschedulingRunnable.java:81)
        at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:441)
        at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:303)
        at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:138)
        at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.access$301(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:98)
        at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$ScheduledFutureTask.run(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:207)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.runTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:886)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:908)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)
Caused by: java.io.IOException: java.io.IOException: error=12, Cannot allocate memory
        at java.lang.UNIXProcess.<init>(UNIXProcess.java:148)
        at java.lang.ProcessImpl.start(ProcessImpl.java:65)
        at java.lang.ProcessBuilder.start(ProcessBuilder.java:452)
        ... 15 more

很是奇怪，应为该程序在其它机器上运行时并没有此异常抛出。

Cannot allocate memory说明无法分配内存。

查看两台机器的运行环境，JVM的配置是相同的，只有机器的配置不同，正常运行的机器是32G内存，异常机器是16G内存，难道真是内存不足造成的？

该程序正常运行峰值最多占用4G内存，JVM开启的最大内存是6644m，理论上应该不会出现内存不足的情况。

最后通过在网上查找，找到了大概的问题所在：Java程序调用外部程序时可能需要分配跟父进程同等大小的内存。

为什么会这么分配内存呢？

看看源码：

java.lang.ProcessImpl

private ProcessImpl(String cmd[],
			String envblock,
			String path,
			boolean redirectErrorStream)
	throws IOException
    {
        // The [executablePath] is not quoted for any case.        
        String executablePath = getExecutablePath(cmd[0]);
        
        // We need to extend the argument verification procedure 
        // to guarantee the only command file execution for implicit [cmd.exe]
        // run.
        String upPath = executablePath.toUpperCase();
        boolean isCmdFile = (upPath.endsWith(".CMD") || upPath.endsWith(".BAT"));
        
        StringBuilder cmdbuf = new StringBuilder(80);
        
        // Quotation protects from interpretation of the [path] argument as 
        // start of longer path with spaces. Quotation has no influence to 
        // [.exe] extension heuristic.
        cmdbuf.append('"');
        cmdbuf.append(executablePath);
        cmdbuf.append('"');
        
        for (int i = 1; i < cmd.length; i++) {
            cmdbuf.append(' ');
            String s = cmd[i];
            if (needsEscaping(isCmdFile, s)) {
                cmdbuf.append('"');
                cmdbuf.append(s);

                // The code protects the [java.exe] and console command line 
                // parser, that interprets the [\"] combination as an escape 
                // sequence for the ["] char. 
                //     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx
                //
                // If the argument is an FS path, doubling of the tail [\] 
                // char is not a problem for non-console applications.
                //
                // The [\"] sequence is not an escape sequence for the [cmd.exe]
                // command line parser. The case of the [""] tail escape 
                // sequence could not be realized due to the argument validation 
                // procedure.
                if (!isCmdFile && s.endsWith("\\")) {
                    cmdbuf.append('\\');
                }
                cmdbuf.append('"');
            } else {
                cmdbuf.append(s);
            }
        }
	String cmdstr = cmdbuf.toString();

	stdin_fd  = new FileDescriptor();
	stdout_fd = new FileDescriptor();
	stderr_fd = new FileDescriptor();

	handle = create(cmdstr, envblock, path, redirectErrorStream,
			stdin_fd, stdout_fd, stderr_fd);

	java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
	    new java.security.PrivilegedAction() {
	    public Object run() {
		stdin_stream =
		    new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(stdin_fd));
		stdout_stream =
		    new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(stdout_fd));
		stderr_stream =
		    new FileInputStream(stderr_fd);
		return null;
	    }
	});
    }
    private native long create(String cmdstr,
			       String envblock,
			       String dir,
			       boolean redirectErrorStream,
			       FileDescriptor in_fd,
			       FileDescriptor out_fd,
			       FileDescriptor err_fd)
	throws IOException;

调用了JNI方法，继续查JNI的源码：

Windows JVM 实现：

JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL
Java_java_lang_ProcessImpl_create(JNIEnv *env, jclass ignored,
                                  jstring cmd,
                                  jstring envBlock,
                                  jstring dir,
                                  jboolean redirectErrorStream,
                                  jobject in_fd,
                                  jobject out_fd,
                                  jobject err_fd)
{
    HANDLE inRead   = 0;
    HANDLE inWrite  = 0;
    HANDLE outRead  = 0;
    HANDLE outWrite = 0;
    HANDLE errRead  = 0;
    HANDLE errWrite = 0;
    SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa;
    PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
    STARTUPINFO si;
    LPTSTR  pcmd      = NULL;
    LPCTSTR pdir      = NULL;
    LPVOID  penvBlock = NULL;
    jlong ret = 0;
    OSVERSIONINFO ver;
    jboolean onNT = JNI_FALSE;
    DWORD processFlag;

    ver.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(ver);
    GetVersionEx(&ver);
    if (ver.dwPlatformId == VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT)
        onNT = JNI_TRUE;

    sa.nLength = sizeof(sa);
    sa.lpSecurityDescriptor = 0;
    sa.bInheritHandle = TRUE;

    if (!(CreatePipe(&inRead,  &inWrite,  &sa, PIPE_SIZE) &&
          CreatePipe(&outRead, &outWrite, &sa, PIPE_SIZE) &&
          CreatePipe(&errRead, &errWrite, &sa, PIPE_SIZE))) {
        win32Error(env, "CreatePipe");
        goto Catch;
    }

    assert(cmd != NULL);
    pcmd = (LPTSTR) JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(env, cmd, NULL);
    if (pcmd == NULL) goto Catch;

    if (dir != 0) {
        pdir = (LPCTSTR) JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(env, dir, NULL);
        if (pdir == NULL) goto Catch;
        pdir = (LPCTSTR) JVM_NativePath((char *)pdir);
    }

    if (envBlock != NULL) {
        penvBlock = onNT
            ? (LPVOID) ((*env)->GetStringChars(env, envBlock, NULL))
            : (LPVOID) JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(env, envBlock, NULL);
        if (penvBlock == NULL) goto Catch;
    }

    memset(&si, 0, sizeof(si));
    si.cb = sizeof(si);
    si.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
    si.hStdInput  = inRead;
    si.hStdOutput = outWrite;
    si.hStdError  = redirectErrorStream ? outWrite : errWrite;

    SetHandleInformation(inWrite, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, FALSE);
    SetHandleInformation(outRead, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, FALSE);
    SetHandleInformation(errRead, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, FALSE);

    if (redirectErrorStream)
        SetHandleInformation(errWrite, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, FALSE);

    if (onNT)
        processFlag = CREATE_NO_WINDOW | CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT;
    else
        processFlag = selectProcessFlag(env, cmd);

    /* Java and Windows are both pure Unicode systems at heart.
     * Windows has both a legacy byte-based API and a 16-bit Unicode
     * "W" API.  The Right Thing here is to call CreateProcessW, since
     * that will allow all process-related information like command
     * line arguments to be passed properly to the child.  We don't do
     * that currently, since we would first have to have "W" versions
     * of JVM_NativePath and perhaps other functions.  In the
     * meantime, we can call CreateProcess with the magic flag
     * CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT, which passes only the environment
     * in "W" mode.  We will fix this later. */

    ret = CreateProcess(0,           /* executable name */
                        pcmd,        /* command line */
                        0,           /* process security attribute */
                        0,           /* thread security attribute */
                        TRUE,        /* inherits system handles */
                        processFlag, /* selected based on exe type */
                        penvBlock,   /* environment block */
                        pdir,        /* change to the new current directory */
                        &si,         /* (in)  startup information */
                        &pi);        /* (out) process information */

    if (!ret) {
        win32Error(env, "CreateProcess");
        goto Catch;
    }

    CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
    ret = (jlong)pi.hProcess;
    (*env)->SetLongField(env, in_fd,  IO_handle_fdID, (jlong)inWrite);
    (*env)->SetLongField(env, out_fd, IO_handle_fdID, (jlong)outRead);
    (*env)->SetLongField(env, err_fd, IO_handle_fdID, (jlong)errRead);

 Finally:
    /* Always clean up the child's side of the pipes */
    closeSafely(inRead);
    closeSafely(outWrite);
    closeSafely(errWrite);

    if (pcmd != NULL)
        JNU_ReleaseStringPlatformChars(env, cmd, (char *) pcmd);
    if (pdir != NULL)
        JNU_ReleaseStringPlatformChars(env, dir, (char *) pdir);
    if (penvBlock != NULL) {
        if (onNT)
            (*env)->ReleaseStringChars(env, envBlock, (jchar *) penvBlock);
        else
            JNU_ReleaseStringPlatformChars(env, dir, (char *) penvBlock);
    }
    return ret;

 Catch:
    /* Clean up the parent's side of the pipes in case of failure only */
    closeSafely(inWrite);
    closeSafely(outRead);
    closeSafely(errRead);
    goto Finally;
}

JVM Linux实现：

#ifndef __solaris__
#undef fork1
#define fork1() fork()
#endif

JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
Java_java_lang_UNIXProcess_forkAndExec(JNIEnv *env,
                                       jobject process,
                                       jbyteArray prog,
                                       jbyteArray argBlock, jint argc,
                                       jbyteArray envBlock, jint envc,
                                       jbyteArray dir,
                                       jboolean redirectErrorStream,
                                       jobject stdin_fd,
                                       jobject stdout_fd,
                                       jobject stderr_fd)
{
    int errnum;
    int resultPid = -1;
    int in[2], out[2], err[2], fail[2];
    const char **argv = NULL;
    const char **envv = NULL;
    const char *pprog     = getBytes(env, prog);
    const char *pargBlock = getBytes(env, argBlock);
    const char *penvBlock = getBytes(env, envBlock);
    const char *pdir      = getBytes(env, dir);

    in[0] = in[1] = out[0] = out[1] = err[0] = err[1] = fail[0] = fail[1] = -1;

    assert(prog != NULL && argBlock != NULL);
    if (pprog     == NULL) goto Catch;
    if (pargBlock == NULL) goto Catch;
    if (envBlock  != NULL && penvBlock == NULL) goto Catch;
    if (dir       != NULL && pdir      == NULL) goto Catch;

    /* Convert pprog + pargBlock into a char ** argv */
    if ((argv = NEW(const char *, argc + 2)) == NULL)
        goto Catch;
    argv[0] = pprog;
    initVectorFromBlock(argv+1, pargBlock, argc);

    if (envBlock != NULL) {
        /* Convert penvBlock into a char ** envv */
        if ((envv = NEW(const char *, envc + 1)) == NULL)
            goto Catch;
        initVectorFromBlock(envv, penvBlock, envc);
    }

    if ((pipe(in)   < 0) ||
        (pipe(out)  < 0) ||
        (pipe(err)  < 0) ||
        (pipe(fail) < 0)) {
        throwIOException(env, errno, "Bad file descriptor");
        goto Catch;
    }

    resultPid = fork1();
    if (resultPid < 0) {
        throwIOException(env, errno, "Fork failed");
        goto Catch;
    }

    if (resultPid == 0) {
        /* Child process */

        /* Close the parent sides of the pipe.
           Give the child sides of the pipes the right fileno's.
           Closing pipe fds here is redundant, since closeDescriptors()
           would do it anyways, but a little paranoia is a good thing. */
        /* Note: it is possible for in[0] == 0 */
        close(in[1]);
        moveDescriptor(in[0], STDIN_FILENO);
        close(out[0]);
        moveDescriptor(out[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
        close(err[0]);
        if (redirectErrorStream) {
            close(err[1]);
            dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO);
        } else {
            moveDescriptor(err[1], STDERR_FILENO);
        }
        close(fail[0]);
        moveDescriptor(fail[1], FAIL_FILENO);

        /* close everything */
        if (closeDescriptors() == 0) { /* failed,  close the old way */
            int max_fd = (int)sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX);
            int i;
            for (i = FAIL_FILENO + 1; i < max_fd; i++)
                close(i);
        }

        /* change to the new working directory */
        if (pdir != NULL && chdir(pdir) < 0)
            goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;

        if (fcntl(FAIL_FILENO, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
            goto WhyCantJohnnyExec;

        execvpe(argv[0], argv, envv);

    WhyCantJohnnyExec:
        /* We used to go to an awful lot of trouble to predict whether the
         * child would fail, but there is no reliable way to predict the
         * success of an operation without *trying* it, and there's no way
         * to try a chdir or exec in the parent.  Instead, all we need is a
         * way to communicate any failure back to the parent.  Easy; we just
         * send the errno back to the parent over a pipe in case of failure.
         * The tricky thing is, how do we communicate the *success* of exec?
         * We use FD_CLOEXEC together with the fact that a read() on a pipe
         * yields EOF when the write ends (we have two of them!) are closed.
         */
        errnum = errno;
        write(FAIL_FILENO, &errnum, sizeof(errnum));
        close(FAIL_FILENO);
        _exit(-1);
    }

    /* parent process */

    close(fail[1]); fail[1] = -1; /* See: WhyCantJohnnyExec */

    switch (readFully(fail[0], &errnum, sizeof(errnum))) {
    case 0: break; /* Exec succeeded */
    case sizeof(errnum):
        waitpid(resultPid, NULL, 0);
        throwIOException(env, errnum, "Exec failed");
        goto Catch;
    default:
        throwIOException(env, errno, "Read failed");
        goto Catch;
    }

    (*env)->SetIntField(env, stdin_fd,  IO_fd_fdID, in [1]);
    (*env)->SetIntField(env, stdout_fd, IO_fd_fdID, out[0]);
    (*env)->SetIntField(env, stderr_fd, IO_fd_fdID, err[0]);

 Finally:
    /* Always clean up the child's side of the pipes */
    closeSafely(in [0]);
    closeSafely(out[1]);
    closeSafely(err[1]);

    /* Always clean up fail descriptors */
    closeSafely(fail[0]);
    closeSafely(fail[1]);

    free(argv); http://
    free(envv);

    releaseBytes(env, prog,     pprog);
    releaseBytes(env, argBlock, pargBlock);
    releaseBytes(env, envBlock, penvBlock);
    releaseBytes(env, dir,      pdir);

    return resultPid;

 Catch:
    /* Clean up the parent's side of the pipes in case of failure only */
    closeSafely(in [1]);
    closeSafely(out[0]);
    closeSafely(err[0]);
    goto Finally;
}

linux下的实现（line:57）是调用fork1()函数，就是调用fork指令

fork子进程要传递父进程的所有句柄资源，fork后面紧跟exec，一般copy整个父进程空间的数据到子进程中。

所以fork需要分配与父进程相同的内存。因此，当我调用在程序中调用exec()时，需要一次性分配6644m的内存，系统内存早已不足。

参考：

http://www.w3china.org/blog/more.asp?name=hongrui&id=44142

http://www.myexception.cn/program/1234642.html