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Unit 3, Playback Buffer
What is playback buffers?Look at the grey line below: packets that have been buffered but have not yet been played back to the user.Principles of playback buffers每个router都有queueing delay。为什么曲线长这样?因为each packet arrives in first come first serve order.原创 2020-07-04 19:03:53 · 410 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 3, Packet Switching
lecture 1Why packet switching is chosen for the Internet?Circuit switching, the predecessor of ~Circuit switching is all manually connected. The line is dedicated for the end hosts during the call.Every phone call has its 64Kb/s circuit that it doesn原创 2020-06-07 14:37:20 · 390 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 3, intro to networking and the Internet
History of networkingEarly information transportation: limited in the information they could carry(fires) or by the speed of delivery (horses, humans, pigeons).Initiating: start of TX(transmission)Protocols的诞生协调两个party之间如何通讯。Protocol的feature在于contro原创 2020-06-07 14:08:30 · 143 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2, Transport layer recap
Three widely used transport layers:TCP (reliable bi-directional byte stream), UDP(unreliable delivery of datagrams between applications), ICMP(detect when things go wrong, e.g. ping, traceroute)End-to-end principle: 功能放到断点,giving mild reason and stro原创 2020-06-07 11:55:25 · 167 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2, Flow control
The finite state machine of “stop and wait”Sliding window可以填充满network pipe的capacity,比如bottleneck为10Mbps (Mega-bits per second), RTT(round trip time)为50ms,那么1s内能发送 1000/50 = 20次 rount trip,10Mbps/20 = 500Kbps, 每个Eternet frame大小为12bits,那么 500/12 ≈ 41 个 fra原创 2020-06-06 14:00:23 · 279 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2, finite state machine
理解FSM的diagram: 圆圈表示状态,Edge中的上方表示event causing state transmission, 下方是action.原创 2020-06-06 14:01:48 · 175 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2, Checksum, CRC and MAC
Although Checksums, CRC and MAC can’t guarantee many types of errors, but remember that “guarantee” is a strong statement, while in reality they still have great chance of detecting errors. Moreover, in practice you tend to have multiple layers of error d.原创 2020-06-04 11:48:52 · 290 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2, UDP & ICMP & End-to-End Principle
UDP,相比较之下,就非常简单了。Sending self-contained message。UDP与IP干的活非常类似,the unique feature is that it allows the layer to senddata to a specific appliacation. That’s also why it is called, theUser Demultiplexing Protocal1.它自己(UDP peer层内)无法实现missing datare-tra原创 2020-05-25 22:34:47 · 218 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 2,Transport Layer
In summary, TCP provides in-order, reliable delivery of a stream of bytes between application processes.TCP is a specific example of transportation layer protocols. Otherprotocols include UDP, ICMP and the like.TCP的end-to-end, byte-stream通信是大多数(几乎95%)a原创 2020-05-25 17:06:39 · 202 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, LPM
On each hop of each packet, a router decides which link to forward the packet over.x表示任意一个number, wildcards(百搭牌)。dash(/)后面的数字代表block size,为子网掩码,32-掩码为主机位数。因为子网掩码表示从前往后多少位为1.Longest prefix matchNow, 因为A可以走通either the default or link 3,而link 3 has long原创 2020-05-19 23:09:31 · 186 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, IPv4
IPv4 (Internet Protocol)协议嘛,大家要规定一种语言,这样计算机直接才可以建立有效的通信。32位,有4个八位(octets), often denoted as a.b.c.d.Netmask,掩码。告诉你这次连接走外网(go through IP)还是内网转发。毕竟一些连接不需要经过router。掩码也是4位octets,in big endian,告诉你前n位IP地址match的话,就属于同一个网络。E.g.,255.255.255.0 = 1111, 1111. 111原创 2020-05-19 14:54:04 · 218 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, Endian
Caution: Different processors layout numbers differently. Byte order,不同处理器的byte排序方式是不同的,有分big endian和little endian。E.g. 在比较network传来的port地址和本地host的port地址时,记得进行byte order转换。Host and network order can be different. Internet protocols decide how the order is.原创 2020-05-19 14:28:50 · 365 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, Encapsulation
Encapsulation unifies layering and packet switching. It is how we take protocal layers and assemble them into packets in a way that’s flwxible and maintains the separation of conerns.Encapsulation is the principle by which you organize information in pac原创 2020-05-18 18:07:26 · 274 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, Layering
Layering分层,抽象。它是一个很重要的概念,在计算机科学的其他领域(通信等)都有应用。Layering has Hierachy.Abstract:为什么叫抽象?将什么东西抽象了?Example: 去订票网站查询机票价格,the platform provides a service layer on top of each airline, abstracting away the details of each airline’s details for you.The separat原创 2020-05-18 17:19:15 · 265 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, Packet switching
Packet switching每一个switch在forward的时候不记录从src到dst的完整route,只从forward table上寻找下一个hop点,并将它和dst地址发给下一个switch。A sequence of packets is defined as a “flow”, e.g. datagrams transported in a voice call. A collection of datagrams that belong to the same end-to-end原创 2020-05-18 16:48:33 · 258 阅读 · 0 评论 -
Unit 1, CS144, Stanford course
Week 1: how the Internet works以下内容来自1-2每一层为上一层提供服务Notice that the Network layer doesn’t need to concern itself with “how” the link layer sends the datagram over the link.这就是抽象的作用!它不需要知道为它服务的下一层,是如何实现的。network layer为Link layer提供接口,让它服务。因为有不同的link la原创 2020-05-15 16:36:11 · 249 阅读 · 0 评论