1. 引言
Scrapy框架结构清晰,基于twisted的异步架构可以充分利用计算机资源,是爬虫做大的必备基础。本文将讲解如何快速安装此框架并使用起来。
2. 安装Twisted
2.1 同安装Lxml库
(参考《为编写网络爬虫程序安装Python3.5》3.1节)一样,通过下载对应版本的.whl文件先安装twisted库,下载地址: http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#twisted
2.2 安装twisted
打开命令提示符窗口,输入命令:
pip install E:\demo\Twisted-16.4.1-cp35-cp35m-win_amd64.whl(下载好的twisted模块的whl文件路径)
3. 安装scrapy
twisted库安装成功后,安装scrapy就简单了,在命令提示符窗口直接输入命令: pip install scrapy 回车
安装关联模块pypiwin32,在命令提示符窗口直接输入命令: pip install pypiwin32 回车
4. Scrapy测试,敲一个基于Scrapy框架的爬虫程序
新建一个Scrapy爬虫项目fourth(因为这是继Python3.5安装的第四篇教程,有兴趣的话请从头看起):在任意目录按住shift+右键->选择在此处打开命令提示符窗口(这里默认为E:\demo),然后输入命令:
E:\demo>scrapy startproject fourth
该命令将会创建包含下列内容的fourth目录:
fourth/
scrapy.cfg
fourth/
__init__.py
items.py
pipelines.py
settings.py
spiders/
__init__.py
...
修改项目配置文件settings.py,有些网站会在根目录下放置一个名字为robots.txt的文件,里面声明了此网站希望爬虫遵守的规范,Scrapy默认遵守这个文件制定的规范,即ROBOTSTXT_OBEY默认值为True。在这里需要修改ROBOTSTXT_OBEY的值,找到项目目录(这里为:E:\demo\fourth\fourth)下文件settings.py,更改ROBOTSTXT_OBEY的值为False
引入Gooseeker最新规则提取器模块gooseeker.py(下载地址: https://github.com/FullerHua/gooseeker/tree/master/core),拷贝到项目目录下,这里为E:\demo\fourth\gooseeker.py
创建爬虫模块,进入项目目录E:\demo\fourth下,在此处打开命提示符窗口输入命令:
E:\demo\fourth>scrapy genspider anjuke 'anjuke.com'
该命令将会在项目目录E:\demo\fourth\fourth\spiders下创建模块文件anjuke.py,以记事本打开然后添加代码,主要代码:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Scrapy spider 模块
# 采集安居客房源信息
# 采集结果保存在anjuke-result.xml中
import os
import time
import scrapy
from gooseeker import GsExtractor
class AnjukeSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "anjuke"
allowed_domains = ["'anjuke.com'"]
start_urls = (
'http://bj.zu.anjuke.com/fangyuan/p1',
)
def parse(self, response):
print("----------------------------------------------------------------------------")
# 引用提取器
bbsExtra = GsExtractor()
# 设置xslt抓取规则
bbsExtra.setXsltFromAPI("31d24931e043e2d5364d03b8ff9cc77e", "安居客_房源")
# 调用extract方法提取所需内容
result = bbsExtra.extractHTML(response.body)
# 打印采集结果
print(str(result).encode('gbk','ignore').decode('gbk'))
# 保存采集结果
file_path = os.getcwd() + "/anjuke-result.xml"
open(file_path,"wb").write(result)
# 打印结果存放路径
print("采集结果文件:" + file_path)
启动爬虫,进入项目目录E:\demo\fourth下,在此处打开命提示符窗口输入命令:
E:\demo\fourth>scrapy crawl anjuke
注:网站若发现抓取时报重定向错误了,尝试修改user-agent后,再启动爬虫爬取数据。操作步骤如下:
1、在爬虫项目目录(这里为E:\demo\fourth\fourth)下创建模块文件middlewares.py,以记事本打开后,添加如下代码:
#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
# 随机更换user agent
import random
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
class RotateUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware):
def __init__(self, user_agent=''):
self.user_agent = user_agent
def process_request(self, request, spider):
ua = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
if ua:
request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua)
user_agent_list = [\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1"\
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",\
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]
2、修改项目配置文件settings.py,加上如下代码:
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware':None,
'fourth.middlewares.RotateUserAgentMiddleware':400,
}
查看保存结果文件,进入Scrapy爬虫项目目录,这里为E:\demo\fourth,找到名称为anjuke-result.xml的文件夹然后打开
5. 总结
安装pypiwin32时碰到了一次超时断开,再次输入命令重新安装才成功,若重复安装都失败可以尝试连接vpn再安装。下一篇《Python爬虫实战:单页采集》将讲解如何爬取微博数据(单页),同时整合Python爬虫程序以Gooseeker规则提取器为接口制作一个通用的采集器,欢迎有兴趣的小伙伴一起交流进步。
6. 集搜客GooSeeker开源代码下载源
7.修改记录
- 2017.03.02 补充报重定向错误解决方案