Qt中的隐式共享(Implicit Sharing)

之前也大致了解过Qt中的隐式共享，一直以为这是Qt中搞得跟C++中shared_ptr类似的，就是引用计数那一套东西，还有opencv中的Mat也是类似的机制，今天无意间把Qt的文档中的隐式共享(Implicit Sharing)仔细看了一遍，发现自己只理解了一半。

共享数据

隐式共享的类通常包含一个指向共享数据块的指针，该数据块中包含了引用计数和实际的数据。当创建一个共享对象时，引用计数初始化为1；每当有新的对象引用该共享数据时，引用计数就会增加；当不再引用该共享数据时，引用计数会减少；当引用计数变为0时，共享数据会被删除。
以上的文档中翻译。这一部分其实就是类似shared_ptr的功能，比如：

 QPixmap p1, p2;
 p1.load("image.bmp");
 p2 = p1;                        // p1 and p2 share data

虽然p1, p2都是类对象，并没有显式的共享指针，但是Qt内部依旧会让p1，p2共享同一块内存数据，即浅拷贝(Shallow Copy)，不会有大量的资源开销。所以你可以在赋值、传参、返回值中尽情使用。

实现

当你需要实现自己的隐式共享类时，Qt提供了QSharedData和QSharedDataPointer这两个辅助类来简化开发工作。QSharedData类定义了一个共享数据结构，包括引用计数和其他必要的机制，而QSharedDataPointer则提供了一个智能指针来管理QSharedData的实例。
另外很重要的一点，这种隐式共享(ImplicitSharing)是线程安全的。

自动解耦

当一个对象即将改变其内部数据并且当前的引用计数大于1时，隐式共享会自动使该对象与其共享的数据块分离。
这意味着，如果多个对象共享同一份数据，那么当其中一个对象尝试修改数据时，它会创建一个自己的数据副本，并在其副本上进行修改，而不影响其他仍然共享原来数据的对象。
隐式共享的类对其内部数据具有控制权。在任何修改其内部数据的成员函数中，该类会在实际修改之前自动解耦。例如，QPen类在所有更改其内部数据的成员函数中都会先解耦再修改。

void QPen::setStyle(Qt::PenStyle style)
{
    detach();           // 解耦共享数据
    d->style = style;   // 设置样式成员
}

void QPen::detach()
{
    if (d->ref != 1) { // 如果引用计数不等于1
        ...             // 执行深拷贝
    }
}

当修改QPen的内部数据style时，会先调用detach()，而detach()的作用就是：深度拷贝一份共享数据。然后在独立的数据上进行修改，而不会影响原来的数据。

注意事项

虽然隐式共享在大多数情况下都是透明的，但在某些场景下，如迭代容器元素时，Qt的迭代器行为与STL的标准迭代器有所不同。这是因为Qt的迭代器可能会持有对容器内部数据的弱引用，从而影响迭代器的有效性。因此，在使用Qt的容器和迭代器时，需要注意这一点。下面是官方举例：

QVector<int> a, b;
a.resize(100000); // 创建一个包含 100000 个元素的大向量，初始值为 0。

QVector<int>::iterator i = a.begin();
// 错误的迭代器使用方式：
b = a;
/*
    此时，迭代器 i 指向共享的数据。
    如果我们执行 *i = 4，将会改变共享的数据（两个向量都会受到影响）。
    这种行为不同于 STL 容器。在 Qt 中应避免这样做。
*/

a[0] = 5;
/*
    此时容器 a 已经从共享数据中分离出来，
    即使 i 是从容器 a 开始的迭代器，现在它实际上指向的是 b 中的数据。
    此时 (*i) 的值仍然是 0。
*/

b.clear(); // 迭代器 i 现在完全无效了。

int j = *i; // 未定义的行为！
/*
    b 中的数据（i 指向的数据）已经不存在。
    如果是 STL 容器，(*i) 的值将是 5，并且是定义良好的，
    但在 QVector 中，这很可能会导致崩溃。
*/

详细见https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/containers.html#implicit-sharing-iterator-problem

支持隐式共享的类

几乎涵盖了Qt所有的数据类型：

类名	描述
QBitArray	Array of bits
QBitmap	Monochrome (1-bit depth) pixmaps
QBrush	Defines the fill pattern of shapes drawn by QPainter
QByteArray	Array of bytes
QByteArrayList	List of byte arrays
QCache	Template class that provides a cache
QCollator	Compares strings according to a localized collation algorithm
QCollatorSortKey	Can be used to speed up string collation
QCommandLineOption	Defines a possible command-line option
QContiguousCache	Template class that provides a contiguous cache
QCursor	Mouse cursor with an arbitrary shape
QDBusPendingCall	Refers to one pending asynchronous call
QDBusUnixFileDescriptor	Holds one Unix file descriptor
QDateTime	Date and time functions
QDebug	Output stream for debugging information
QDir	Access to directory structures and their contents
QDnsDomainNameRecord	Stores information about a domain name record
QDnsHostAddressRecord	Stores information about a host address record
QDnsMailExchangeRecord	Stores information about a DNS MX record
QDnsServiceRecord	Stores information about a DNS SRV record
QDnsTextRecord	Stores information about a DNS TXT record
QFileInfo	System-independent file information
QFont	Specifies a query for a font used for drawing text
QFontInfo	General information about fonts
QFontMetrics	Font metrics information
QFontMetricsF	Font metrics information
QGlyphRun	Direct access to the internal glyphs in a font
QGradient	Used in combination with QBrush to specify gradient fills
QHash	Template class that provides a hash-table-based dictionary
QHostAddress	IP address
QHttp2Configuration	Controls HTTP/2 parameters and settings
QHttpPart	Holds a body part to be used inside a HTTP multipart MIME message
QIcon	Scalable icons in different modes and states
QImage	Hardware-independent image representation that allows direct access to the pixel data, and can be used as a paint device
QJsonArray	Encapsulates a JSON array
QJsonDocument	Way to read and write JSON documents
QJsonObject	Encapsulates a JSON object
QJsonParseError	Used to report errors during JSON parsing
QJsonValue	Encapsulates a value in JSON
QKeySequence	Encapsulates a key sequence as used by shortcuts
QList	Template class that provides lists
QLocale	Converts between numbers and their string representations in various languages
QMap	Template class that provides a red-black-tree-based dictionary
QMimeType	Describes types of file or data, represented by a MIME type string
QMultiHash	Convenience QHash subclass that provides multi-valued hashes
QMultiMap	Convenience QMap subclass that provides multi-valued maps
QNetworkAddressEntry	Stores one IP address supported by a network interface, along with its associated netmask and broadcast address
QNetworkCacheMetaData	Cache information
QNetworkCookie	Holds one network cookie
QNetworkInterface	Listing of the host’s IP addresses and network interfaces
QNetworkProxy	Network layer proxy
QNetworkProxyQuery	Used to query the proxy settings for a socket
QNetworkRequest	Holds a request to be sent with QNetworkAccessManager
QOpenGLDebugMessage	Wraps an OpenGL debug message
QPainterPath	Container for painting operations, enabling graphical shapes to be constructed and reused
QPalette	Contains color groups for each widget state
QPen	Defines how a QPainter should draw lines and outlines of shapes
QPersistentModelIndex	Used to locate data in a data model
QPicture	Paint device that records and replays QPainter commands
QPixmap	Off-screen image representation that can be used as a paint device
QPolygon	Vector of points using integer precision
QPolygonF	Vector of points using floating point precision
QProcessEnvironment	Holds the environment variables that can be passed to a program
QQueue	Generic container that provides a queue
QRawFont	Access to a single physical instance of a font
QRegExp	Pattern matching using regular expressions
QRegion	Specifies a clip region for a painter
QRegularExpression	Pattern matching using regular expressions
QRegularExpressionMatch	The results of a matching a QRegularExpression against a string
QRegularExpressionMatchIterator	Iterator on the results of a global match of a QRegularExpression object against a string
QSet	Template class that provides a hash-table-based set
QSslCertificate	Convenient API for an X509 certificate
QSslCertificateExtension	API for accessing the extensions of an X509 certificate
QSslCipher	Represents an SSL cryptographic cipher
QSslConfiguration	Holds the configuration and state of an SSL connection
QSslDiffieHellmanParameters	Interface for Diffie-Hellman parameters for servers
QSslError	SSL error
QSslKey	Interface for private and public keys
QSslPreSharedKeyAuthenticator	Authentication data for pre shared keys (PSK) ciphersuites
QStack	Template class that provides a stack
QStaticText	Enables optimized drawing of text when the text and its layout is updated rarely
QStorageInfo	Provides information about currently mounted storage and drives
QString	Unicode character string
QStringList	List of strings
QTextBlockFormat	Formatting information for blocks of text in a QTextDocument
QTextBoundaryFinder	Way of finding Unicode text boundaries in a string
QTextCharFormat	Formatting information for characters in a QTextDocument
QTextCursor	Offers an API to access and modify QTextDocuments
QTextDocumentFragment	Represents a piece of formatted text from a QTextDocument
QTextFormat	Formatting information for a QTextDocument
QTextFrameFormat	Formatting information for frames in a QTextDocument
QTextImageFormat	Formatting information for images in a QTextDocument
QTextListFormat	Formatting information for lists in a QTextDocument
QTextTableCellFormat	Formatting information for table cells in a QTextDocument
QTextTableFormat	Formatting information for tables in a QTextDocument
QUrl	Convenient interface for working with URLs
QUrlQuery	Way to manipulate a key-value pairs in a URL’s query
QVariant	Acts like a union for the most common Qt data types
QVector	Template class that provides a dynamic array