C++语言本身或标准程序库所抛出的所有异常,都派生自基类exception。这是其他数个标准异常类别的基类,它们共同构成一个类体系:
图一 标准异常阶层体系
这些标准异常类别分为三组:
(1)语言本身所支持的异常
此类异常用以支撑某些语言特性。主要包括:
bad_alloc:new操作失败会抛出。
bad_cast:执行期间加在一个引用上面的动态性型别转换操作失败时抛出。
bad_typeid:执行RTTI时,交给typeid的参数为零或空指针时抛出
bad_exception:非预期的异常
(2)C++标准程序库发出的异常
总是派生自logic_error。逻辑错误是由于程序内部逻辑而导致的错误。逻辑错误是可以避免的,且在程序开始执行之前,能够被检测到。
C++标准库中定义的逻辑错误如下:
- <span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">class logic_error : public exception {
- public:
- explicit logic_error (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class invalid_argument : public logic_error {
- public:
- explicit invalid_argument (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class out_of_range : public logic_error {
- public:
- explicit out_of_range (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class length_error : public logic_error {
- public:
- explicit length_error (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class domain_error : public logic_error {
- public:
- explicit domain_error (const string& what_arg);
- };</span>
<span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">class logic_error : public exception {
public:
explicit logic_error (const string& what_arg);
};
class invalid_argument : public logic_error {
public:
explicit invalid_argument (const string& what_arg);
};
class out_of_range : public logic_error {
public:
explicit out_of_range (const string& what_arg);
};
class length_error : public logic_error {
public:
explicit length_error (const string& what_arg);
};
class domain_error : public logic_error {
public:
explicit domain_error (const string& what_arg);
};</span>
错误分类解释及举例:
domain_error:专业领域内的范畴
invalid_argument:无效参数,比如讲bitset以char而非0或1进行初始化
length_error:可能超越了最大极限,比如对着某个字符串附加太多字符。
out_of_range:参数不再预期范围内。例如在诸如array的容器或字符串string中采用一个错误索引。
(3)程序作用域之外发出的异常
总是派生自runtime_error,用来指出“不在程序范围内,且不容易回避”的事件。此类错误只在程序执行时才是可检测的。C++标准库中的定义如下:
- <span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">class runtime_error : public exception {
- public:
- explicit runtime_error (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class range_error : public runtime_error {
- public:
- explicit range_error (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class overflow_error : public runtime_error {
- public:
- explicit overflow_error (const string& what_arg);
- };
- class underflow_error : public runtime_error {
- public:
- explicit underflow_error (const string& what_arg);
- };</span>
<span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">class runtime_error : public exception {
public:
explicit runtime_error (const string& what_arg);
};
class range_error : public runtime_error {
public:
explicit range_error (const string& what_arg);
};
class overflow_error : public runtime_error {
public:
explicit overflow_error (const string& what_arg);
};
class underflow_error : public runtime_error {
public:
explicit underflow_error (const string& what_arg);
};</span>
range_error:内部计算时发生区间错误
overflow_error:算数运算时发生上溢
underflow_error:算数运算时发生下溢
实例代码:
- <span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">#include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- #include <bitset>
- #include <typeinfo>
- #include <vector>
- #include <stdexcept>
- using namespace std;
- //自定义配置器,vector分配空间使用
- template<class _Ty>
- class stingyallocator : public allocator<_Ty>
- {
- public:
- template <class U>
- struct rebind {
- typedef stingyallocator<U> other;
- };
- size_t max_size( ) const
- {
- return 10;
- };
- };
- int main()
- {
- //逻辑错误:out_of_range
- try {
- string str( "Micro" );
- string rstr( "soft" );
- str.append( rstr, 5, 3 );
- cout << str << endl;
- }
- catch ( exception &e ) {
- cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
- };
- //逻辑错误:length_error
- try
- {
- vector<int, stingyallocator< int > > myv;
- for ( int i = 0; i < 11; i++ )
- myv.push_back( i );
- }
- catch ( exception &e )
- {
- cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
- };
- //逻辑错误:invalid_argument
- try
- {
- bitset< 32 > bitset( string( "11001010101100001b100101010110000") );
- }
- catch ( exception &e )
- {
- cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
- };
- //逻辑错误:domain_error
- try
- {
- throw domain_error( "Your domain is in error!" );
- }
- catch (exception &e)
- {
- cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name( ) << endl << endl;
- };
- //运行时错误:range_error
- try
- {
- throw range_error( "The range is in error!" );
- }
- catch (exception &e)
- {
- cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl << endl;
- };
- //运行时错误:underflow_error
- try
- {
- throw underflow_error( "The number's a bit small, captain!" );
- }
- catch ( exception &e ) {
- cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
- cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
- };
- //运行时错误:overflow_error
- try
- {
- bitset< 33 > bitset;
- bitset[32] = 1;
- bitset[0] = 1;
- unsigned long x = bitset.to_ulong( );
- }
- catch(exception &e)
- {
- cerr << "Caught " << e.what() << endl;
- cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl << endl;
- }
- return 0;
- }</span>
<span style="font-family: KaiTi_GB2312;">#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <bitset>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
//自定义配置器,vector分配空间使用
template<class _Ty>
class stingyallocator : public allocator<_Ty>
{
public:
template <class U>
struct rebind {
typedef stingyallocator<U> other;
};
size_t max_size( ) const
{
return 10;
};
};
int main()
{
//逻辑错误:out_of_range
try {
string str( "Micro" );
string rstr( "soft" );
str.append( rstr, 5, 3 );
cout << str << endl;
}
catch ( exception &e ) {
cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
};
//逻辑错误:length_error
try
{
vector<int, stingyallocator< int > > myv;
for ( int i = 0; i < 11; i++ )
myv.push_back( i );
}
catch ( exception &e )
{
cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
};
//逻辑错误:invalid_argument
try
{
bitset< 32 > bitset( string( "11001010101100001b100101010110000") );
}
catch ( exception &e )
{
cerr << "Caught " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
};
//逻辑错误:domain_error
try
{
throw domain_error( "Your domain is in error!" );
}
catch (exception &e)
{
cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name( ) << endl << endl;
};
//运行时错误:range_error
try
{
throw range_error( "The range is in error!" );
}
catch (exception &e)
{
cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl << endl;
};
//运行时错误:underflow_error
try
{
throw underflow_error( "The number's a bit small, captain!" );
}
catch ( exception &e ) {
cerr << "Caught: " << e.what( ) << endl;
cerr << "Type: " << typeid( e ).name( ) << endl << endl;
};
//运行时错误:overflow_error
try
{
bitset< 33 > bitset;
bitset[32] = 1;
bitset[0] = 1;
unsigned long x = bitset.to_ulong( );
}
catch(exception &e)
{
cerr << "Caught " << e.what() << endl;
cerr << "Type: " << typeid(e).name() << endl << endl;
}
return 0;
}</span>
运行结果(CodeBlocks):
参考资料: