JDK11源码学习01 | Map接口

JDK11源码学习01 | Map接口

package java.util;

import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.io.Serializable;

/**
 * An object that maps keys to values.  A map cannot contain duplicate keys;
 * each key can map to at most one value.
 * 
 * 一个将键映射到值的对象。Map 中不能包含重复的 key；每个键可以映射至多一个值。
 *
 *
 * <p>This interface takes the place of the {@code Dictionary} class, which
 * was a totally abstract class rather than an interface.
 *
 * 此接口目的是为了取代 Dictionary 类，它是一个完全抽象的类，而不是一个接口。
 *
 *
 * <p>The {@code Map} interface provides three <i>collection views</i>, which
 * allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of keys, collection of values,
 * or set of key-value mappings.  The <i>order</i> of a map is defined as
 * the order in which the iterators on the map's collection views return their
 * elements.  Some map implementations, like the {@code TreeMap} class, make
 * specific guarantees as to their order; others, like the {@code HashMap}
 * class, do not.
 *
 * Map 接口提供了三个 collection views，它们允许将 Map 的内容视为一组 keys、values 的集合，
 * 或一组 key-value 映射。Map 中的 order 被定义为映射集合视图上的迭代器返回它们的顺序。
 * 一些映射实现，比如 TreeMap 类，对它们的顺序作出特定的保证；其他一些映射实现，例如 HashMap，则没有。
 *
 *
 * <p>Note: great care must be exercised if mutable objects are used as map
 * keys.  The behavior of a map is not specified if the value of an object is
 * changed in a manner that affects {@code equals} comparisons while the
 * object is a key in the map.  A special case of this prohibition is that it
 * is not permissible for a map to contain itself as a key.  While it is
 * permissible for a map to contain itself as a value, extreme caution is
 * advised: the {@code equals} and {@code hashCode} methods are no longer
 * well defined on such a map.
 *
 * 注意：如果使用可变对象作为 Map 的 key，必须非常小心。如果对象的值以影响 equals() 比较的方式改变， 
 * 而对象是映射中的键，则不指定映射的行为。这种禁止的一个特殊情况是地图不允许把自己作为一个键。
 * 虽然允许映射将自身包含为一个值，但是建议极端小心：equals() 和 hashCode() 方法不再很好地定义在这样的映射上。
 *
 *
 * <p>All general-purpose map implementation classes should provide two
 * "standard" constructors: a void (no arguments) constructor which creates an
 * empty map, and a constructor with a single argument of type {@code Map},
 * which creates a new map with the same key-value mappings as its argument.
 * In effect, the latter constructor allows the user to copy any map,
 * producing an equivalent map of the desired class.  There is no way to
 * enforce this recommendation (as interfaces cannot contain constructors) but
 * all of the general-purpose map implementations in the JDK comply.
 *
 * 所有通用映射实现类都应该提供两个“标准”构造函数：
 * 一个创建空映射的空（无参数）构造函数，和一个具有类型 Map 的单个参数的构造函数，
 * 该构造函数创建具有与其参数相同的键值映射的新映射。
 * 实际上，后一个构造器允许用户复制任何映射，产生期望的类的等价映射。
 * 没有办法强制执行这个建议（因为接口不能包含构造函数），但是 JDK 中的所有通用映射实现都遵从。
 *
 *
 * <p>The "destructive" methods contained in this interface, that is, the
 * methods that modify the map on which they operate, are specified to throw
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} if this map does not support the
 * operation.  If this is the case, these methods may, but are not required
 * to, throw an {@code UnsupportedOperationException} if the invocation would
 * have no effect on the map.  For example, invoking the {@link #putAll(Map)}
 * method on an unmodifiable map may, but is not required to, throw the
 * exception if the map whose mappings are to be "superimposed" is empty.
 *
 * 这个接口中包含的“破坏性”方法，即修改它们操作的映射的方法，被指定为如果该映射不支持该操作，
 * 则抛出 UnsupportedOperationException。如果是这种情况，如果调用对映射没有影响，
 * 则这些方法可能抛出 UnsupportedOperationException，但不是必需的。
 * 例如，在不可修改的映射上调用{@link#putAll(Map)}方法可以抛出异常，
 * 但如果映射为“叠加”的映射为空，则不需要抛出异常。
 *
 *
 * <p>Some map implementations have restrictions on the keys and values they
 * may contain.  For example, some implementations prohibit null keys and
 * values, and some have restrictions on the types of their keys.  Attempting
 * to insert an ineligible key or value throws an unchecked exception,
 * typically {@code NullPointerException} or {@code ClassCastException}.
 * Attempting to query the presence of an ineligible key or value may throw an
 * exception, or it may simply return false; some implementations will exhibit
 * the former behavior and some will exhibit the latter.  More generally,
 * attempting an operation on an ineligible key or value whose completion
 * would not result in the insertion of an ineligible element into the map may
 * throw an exception or it may succeed, at the option of the implementation.
 * Such exceptions are marked as "optional" in the specification for this
 * interface.
 *
 * 一些 map 实现对它们可能包含的键和值有限制。例如，一些实现禁止空键和值，并且有些对它们的键的类型有限制。
 * 试图插入不合格的键或值将引发未检查的异常，通常是 NullPointerException 或 ClassCastException。
 * 试图查询不合格的密钥或值的存在可能会引发异常，或者它只会返回 false；一些实现将显示前一种行为，而有些将显示后一种行为。
 * 更一般地，尝试对不合格的键或值进行操作，如果该键或值的完成不会导致将不合格的元素插入到映射中，则可能会抛出异常，
 * 或者根据实现的选项，该操作可能成功。此类异常在该接口的规范中被标记为“可选”。
 *
 * 
 * <p>Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined
 * in terms of the {@link Object#equals(Object) equals} method.  For
 * example, the specification for the {@link #containsKey(Object)
 * containsKey(Object key)} method says: "returns {@code true} if and
 * only if this map contains a mapping for a key {@code k} such that
 * {@code (key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))}." This specification should
 * <i>not</i> be construed to imply that invoking {@code Map.containsKey}
 * with a non-null argument {@code key} will cause {@code key.equals(k)} to
 * be invoked for any key {@code k}.  Implementations are free to
 * implement optimizations whereby the {@code equals} invocation is avoided,
 * for example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two keys.  (The
 * {@link Object#hashCode()} specification guarantees that two objects with
 * unequal hash codes cannot be equal.)  More generally, implementations of
 * the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of
 * the specified behavior of underlying {@link Object} methods wherever the
 * implementor deems it appropriate.
 *
 * 集合框架接口中的许多方法是用 Object#equals(Object) 方法定义的。 例如，containsKey(Object key) 方法
 * 的规范说：“如果且仅当此映射包含键 k 的映射， 例如 (key==null?k==null:key.equals(k)。”
 * 此规范不应被解释为暗示使用非空参数 key 调用 Map.containsKey 将导致对任何键 k 调用 key.equals(k)。
 * 实现可以自由地实现优化，从而避免 equals 调用，
 * 例如，首先比较两个键的哈希码。（hashCode() 规范保证具有不同哈希码的两个对象不能相等。）
 * 更一般地，各种 Collections Framework 接口的实现可以自由地利用底层 Object 方法的指定行为，无论实施者认为它是适当的。
 *
 *
 * <p>Some map operations which perform recursive traversal of the map may fail
 * with an exception for self-referential instances where the map directly or
 * indirectly contains itself. This includes the {@code clone()},
 * {@code equals()}, {@code hashCode()} and {@code toString()} methods.
 * Implementations may optionally handle the self-referential scenario, however
 * most current implementations do not do so.
 *
 * 执行映射递归遍历的一些映射操作可能会失败，但是对于映射直接或间接包含自身的自引用实例。
 * 这包括 clone()，equals()，hashCode() 和 toString() 方法。实现可以任选地处理自引用场景，但是大多数当前实现不这样做。
 *
 *
 * <h2><a id="unmodifiable">Unmodifiable Maps</a></h2>
 * <p>The {@link Map#of() Map.of},
 * {@link Map#ofEntries(Map.Entry...) Map.ofEntries}, and
 * {@link Map#copyOf Map.copyOf}
 * static factory methods provide a convenient way to create unmodifiable maps.
 * The {@code Map}
 * instances created by these methods have the following characteristics:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>They are <a href="Collection.html#unmodifiable"><i>unmodifiable</i></a>. Keys and values
 * cannot be added, removed, or updated. Calling any mutator method on the Map
 * will always cause {@code UnsupportedOperationException} to be thrown.
 * However, if the contained keys or values are themselves mutable, this may cause the
 * Map to behave inconsistently or its contents to appear to change.
 * <li>They disallow {@code null} keys and values. Attempts to create them with
 * {@code null} keys or values result in {@code NullPointerException}.
 * <li>They are serializable if all keys and values are serializable.
 * <li>They reject duplicate keys at creation time. Duplicate keys
 * passed to a static factory method result in {@code IllegalArgumentException}.
 * <li>The iteration order of mappings is unspecified and is subject to change.
 * <li>They are <a href="../lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>.
 * Callers should make no assumptions about the identity of the returned instances.
 * Factories are free to create new instances or reuse existing ones. Therefore,
 * identity-sensitive operations on these instances (reference equality ({@code ==}),
 * identity hash code, and synchronization) are unreliable and should be avoided.
 * <li>They are serialized as specified on the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/serialized-form.html#java.util.CollSer">Serialized Form</a>
 * page.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>This interface is a member of the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 *
 * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
 * @param <V> the type of mapped values
 *
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @see HashMap
 * @see TreeMap
 * @see Hashtable
 * @see SortedMap
 * @see Collection
 * @see Set
 * @since 1.2
 */
public interface Map<K, V> {
   
    // Query Operations

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.  If the
     * map contains more than {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} elements, returns
     * {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
     */
    int size();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this map contains no key-value mappings.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this map contains no key-value mappings
     */
    boolean isEmpty();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this map contains a mapping for the specified
     * key.  More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if
     * this map contains a mapping for a key {@code k} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(key, k)}.  (There can be
     * at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * @param key key whose presence in this map is to be tested
     * @return {@code true} if this map contains a mapping for the specified
     *         key
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     *         does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean containsKey(Object key);

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this map maps one or more keys to the
     * specified value.  More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if
     * this map contains at least one mapping to a value {@code v} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(value, v)}.  This operation
     * will probably require time linear in the map size for most
     * implementations of the {@code Map} interface.
     *
     * @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
     * @return {@code true} if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value
     * @throws ClassCastException if the value is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified value is null and this
     *         map does not permit null values
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean containsValue(Object value);

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(key, k)},
     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
     * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * <p>If this map permits null values, then a return value of
     * {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i> indicate that the map
     * contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map
     * explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.  The {@link #containsKey
     * containsKey} operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.
     *
     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     *         {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this map
     *         does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    V get(Object key);

    // Modification Operations

    /**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map
     * (optional operation).  If the map previously contained a mapping for
     * the key, the old value is replaced by the specified value.  (A map
     * {@code m} is said to contain a mapping for a key {@code k} if and only
     * if {@link #containsKey(Object) m.containsKey(k)} would return
     * {@code true}.)
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}.
     *         (A {@code null} return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated {@code null} with {@code key},
     *         if the implementation supports {@code null} values.)
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     */
    V put(K key, V value);

    /**
     * Removes the mapping for a key from this map if it is present
     * (optional operation).   More formally, if this map contains a mapping
     * from key {@code k} to value {@code v} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(key, k)}, that mapping
     * is removed.  (The map can contain at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * <p>Returns the value to which this map previously associated the key,
     * or {@code null} if the map contained no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>If this map permits null values, then a return value of
     * {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i> indicate that the map
     * contained no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map
     * explicitly mapped the key to {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>The map will not contain a mapping for the specified key once the
     * call returns.
     *
     * @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
     * @return the previous value associated with {@code key}, or
     *         {@code null} if there was no mapping for {@code key}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code remove} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the key is of an inappropriate type for
     *         this map
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null and this
     *         map does not permit null keys
     * (<a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    V remove(Object key);


    // Bulk Operations

    /**
     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map
     * (optional operation).  The effect of this call is equivalent to that
     * of calling {@link #put(Object,Object) put(k, v)} on this map once
     * for each mapping from key {@code k} to value {@code v} in the
     * specified map.  The behavior of this operation is undefined if the
     * specified map is modified while the operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code putAll} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of a key or value in the
     *         specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null, or if
     *         this map does not permit null keys or values, and the
     *         specified map contains null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of a key or value in
     *         the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
     */
    void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m);

    /**
     * Removes all of the mappings from this map (optional operation).
     * The map will be empty after this call returns.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code clear} operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     */
    void clear();


    // Views

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator's own {@code remove} operation), the results of
     * the iteration are undefined.  The set supports element removal,
     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
     * {@code Iterator.remove}, {@code Set.remove},
     * {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, and {@code clear}
     * operations.  It does not support the {@code add} or {@code addAll}
     * operations.
     *
     * @return a set view of the keys contained in this map
     */
    Set<K> keySet();

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress
     * (except through the iterator's own {@code remove} operation),
     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove},
     * {@code Collection.remove}, {@code removeAll},
     * {@code retainAll} and {@code clear} operations.  It does not
     * support the {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
     *
     * @return a collection view of the values contained in this map
     */
    Collection<V> values();

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator's own {@code remove} operation, or through the
     * {@code setValue} operation on a map entry returned by the
     * iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the {@code Iterator.remove},
     * {@code Set.remove}, {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll} and
     * {@code clear} operations.  It does not support the
     * {@code add} or {@code addAll} operations.
     *
     * @return a set view of the mappings contained in this map
     */
    Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet();

    /**
     * A map entry (key-value pair).  The {@code Map.entrySet} method returns
     * a collection-view of the map, whose elements are of this class.  The
     * <i>only</i> way to obtain a reference to a map entry is from the
     * iterator of this collection-view.  These {@code Map.Entry} objects are
     * valid <i>only</i> for the duration of the iteration; more formally,
     * the behavior of a map entry is undefined if the backing map has been
     * modified after the entry was returned by the iterator, except through
     * the {@code setValue} operation on the map entry.
     *
     * @see Map#entrySet()
     * @since 1.2
     */
    interface Entry<K, V> {
   
        /**
         * Returns the key corresponding to this entry.
         *
         * @return the key corresponding to this entry
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
         *         removed from the backing map.
         */
        K getKey();

        /**
         * Returns the value corresponding to this entry.  If the mapping
         * has been removed from the backing map (by the iterator's
         * {@code remove} operation), the results of this call are undefined.
         *
         * @return the value corresponding to this entry
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been
         *         removed from the backing map.
         */
        V getValue();

        /**
         * Replaces the value corresponding to this entry with the specified
         * value (optional operation).  (Writes through to the map.)  The
         * behavior of this call is undefined if the mapping has already been
         * removed from the map (by the iterator's {@code remove} operation).
         *
         * @param value new value to be stored in this entry
         * @return old value corresponding to the entry
         * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code put} operation
         *         is not supported by the backing map
         * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified value
         *         prevents it from being stored in the backing map
         * @throws NullPointerException if the backing map does not permit
         *         null values, and the specified value is null
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this value
         *         prevents it from being stored in the backing map
         * @throws IllegalStateException implementations may, but are not
         *         required to, throw this exception if the entry has been