NOTE: python3 内置函数

NOTE: python3 内置函数

1.常用函数：

abs() —— 计算绝对值
max() —— 计算最大值
max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min() —— 计算最小值
min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, [, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
len() —— len(obj, /)返回长度
Return the number of items in a container.
divmod()——divmod(x, y, /) —— 返回除法的结果和余数；
Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: divy + mod == x.

divmod(5,2)
(2,1)

pow() —— pow(x, y, z=None, /)计算幂

pow(2,3)
23
pow(2,3,4)
23%4

Equivalent to xy (with two arguments) or xy % z (with three arguments)
Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
round —— 四舍五入
round(number[, ndigits]) -> number
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
This returns an int when called with one argument, otherwise the
same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
callable() ——
callable(obj, /)
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).

Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.

cmp() —— 如果 x < y 返回 -1, 如果 x == y 返回 0, 如果 x > y 返回 1(仅用于python2)
python3用于operation.eq()代替（import operator）
range() —— class range(object)
| range(stop) -> range object
| range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object
|
| Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
| to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, …, j-1.
| start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
| These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
| When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
type() —— 输出类型

**

2.类型转换

**
complex—— 转换为复数类型

complex(2,3)
2+3j

complex(real[, imag]) -> complex number
|
| Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part.
| This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.
ord()——转换为字符对应的数值（ASCII码）

ord(‘a’)
97

chr(i, /)——将ASCII码转换为Unicode码
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i;

chr(97)
‘a’

bool——转换为相应的真假值

bool(0)
False

bool(1)
True

bool(‘a’)
True
bool(2)
True

Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.
| The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
| The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.
int——转换为整型，integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.int(). For floating point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
float——转换为浮点数
Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.

float(“1.2”)
1.2

long()——转换为长整型，long integer

long(“123442”)
123442L

bin()，返回一个字符串，表示一个数值的二进制数

bin(31)
‘0b11111’

hex()，返回一个字符串，表示一个一个数值的十六进制数

hex(31)
‘0xlf’

oct()，返回一个字符串，表示一个数值的八进制数

oct(31)
‘037’

list，转换为列表；

list((1,2,3,4))
[1, 2, 3, 4]

tuple，转换为定值表；

tuple([1,2,3,4])
(1, 2, 3, 4)

slice，构建下标对象；

a = [1,2,3,4,5]
slices = slice(0,4,2)
a[slices]
[1, 3]

dict，构建词典；

dict(a=1,b=[1,2],c=‘hello’)
{‘a’: 1, ‘c’: ‘hello’, ‘b’: [1, 2]}## 3 序列操作

**

3 序列操作

**
all，所有元素都相当与True；

a = range(0,4)
b = range(1,4)
a
[0, 1, 2, 3]
b
[1, 2, 3]
all(a)
False
all(b)
True

any，是否有任意一个元素相当于True；

a = [0]
b = range(0,4)
a
[0]
b
[0, 1, 2, 3]
any(a)
False
any(b)
True

sorted，返回排序后的序列，默认是递增序列，如果指定reverse为True，则返回递减序列；

a = [1,4,3,2]
sorted(a)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
sorted(a,reverse=False)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
sorted(a,reverse=True)
[4, 3, 2, 1]

reversed，返回反序的序列；

a = [1,4,3,2]
b = [ele for ele in reversed(a)]
b
[2, 3, 4, 1]

filter()，参数为函数和列表，元组
语法：
filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
|
| Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
| is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.
filter() 函数用于过滤序列，过滤掉不符合条件的元素，返回一个迭代器对象，如果要转换为列表，可以使用 list() 来转换。
该接收两个参数，第一个为函数，第二个为序列，序列的每个元素作为参数传递给函数进行判，然后返回 True 或 False，最后将返回 True 的元素放到新列表中。

def  fun(x):
		if  x>5:
			return True
m = range(10)
new_m = filter(fun,m)
new_list = list(new_m)
print(new_list)
print(new_m)
>>>[6,7,8,9]
>>><filter object at 0x000001E22C873DD8>

4 类，对象，属性

**
hasattr，检查对象是否拥有某个属性；

getattr，返回某属性；

setattr，将对象中的属性设置为新的属性；

delattr，删除对象中的属性；

isinstance，判断对象是否为类生成的对象；
isinstance() —— isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.

A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.

issubclass，判断类是否为某类的子类；