Nested Classes
嵌套类分为两种,static的称为static nested classes,非static的是inner classes。它们都算是内部成员,inner classes还可以做到访问外部类的其他成员(即便是private),而static嵌套类则不可以直接使用外部类的成员(需要借助句柄)。
a nested class can be declared private, public, protected, or package private. (Recall that outer classes can only be declared public or package private.
使用嵌套类的理由:enable you to logically group classes that are only used in one place, increase the use of encapsulation, and create more readable and maintainable code.
Local class: Use it if you need to create more than one instance of a class, access its constructor, or introduce a new, named type (because, for example, you need to invoke additional methods later).
Anonymous class: Use it if you need to declare fields or additional methods.
Lambda expression:
Use it if you are encapsulating a single unit of behavior that you want to pass to other code. For example, you would use a lambda expression if you want a certain action performed on each element of a collection, when a process is completed, or when a process encounters an error.
Use it if you need a simple instance of a functional interface and none of the preceding criteria apply (for example, you do not need a constructor, a named type, fields, or additional methods).
Nested class: Use it if your requirements are similar to those of a local class, you want to make the type more widely available, and you don’t require access to local variables or method parameters.
Use a non-static nested class (or inner class) if you require access to an enclosing instance’s non-public fields and methods. Use a static nested class if you don’t require this access.