子查询
1. 需求分析与问题解决
1.1 实际问题
现有解决方式:
#方式一:
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;
#方式二:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel' AND e1.salary < e2.salary
#方式三:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel');
1.2 子查询的基本使用
子查询的基本语法结构:
- 子查询(内查询)在主查询之前一次执行完成。
- 子查询的结果被主查询(外查询)使用 。
- 注意事项
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询,多行操作符对应多行子查询
- 在SELECT中,除了 GROUP BY 和 LIMIT 之外,其他位置都可以声明子查询。
#不推荐:子查询可以不放在右边,那样 WHERE 直接跟着也给括号不利于理解。建议放在比较条件的右侧
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel') < salary;
1.3 子查询的分类
1.3.1 分类方式1
我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录,将子查询分为 单行子查询
、 多行子查询
。
- 单行子查询
- 多行子查询
1.3.2 分类方式2
我们按内查询是否被执行多次,将子查询划分为 相关(或关联)子查询
和 不相关(或非关联)子查询
。
子查询从数据表中查询了数据结果,如果这个数据结果只执行一次,然后这个数据结果作为主查询的条件进行执行,那么这样的子查询叫做不相关子查询。
同样,如果子查询需要执行多次,即采用循环的方式,先从外部查询开始,每次都传入子查询进行查询,然后再将结果反馈给外部,这种嵌套的执行方式就称为相关子查询。
不相关子查询和相关子查询举例:
#不相关子查询的需求:查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息。
#外查询不管执行多少次,都是与子查询 6461.682243 进行比较,外查询和子查询没什么关联(子查询没有使用主查询中的列),就不是相关子查询。
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees #6461.682243);
#相关子查询的需求:查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息。
#子查询使用了主查询中的列,这就是相关子查询。
SELECT *
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id
GROUP BY department_id);
1.4 子查询编写技巧(或步骤)
子查询的编写技巧(或步骤):① 从里往外写 ② 从外往里写
如何选择?
① 如果子查询相对较简单,建议从外往里写。一旦子查询结构较复杂,则建议从里往外写
② 如果是相关子查询的话,通常都是从外往里写。
2. 单行子查询
2.1 单行比较操作符
操作符 | 含义 |
---|---|
= | equal to |
> | greater than |
= | greater than or equal to |
< | less than |
<= | less than or equal to |
<> | not equal to |
2.2 代码示例
1、题目:查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 149);
2、题目:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资。
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143);
3、题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary。
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);
4、题目:查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id, manager_id,department_id。
实现方式1:不成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND employee_id NOT IN(174,141);
实现方式2:成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) IN (SELECT manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (141,174))
AND employee_id NOT IN (141,174);
2.3 HAVING 中的子查询
- 首先执行子查询。
- 向主查询中的HAVING 子句返回结果。
题目:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50) ;
2.4 CASE中的子查询
在CASE表达式中使用单列子查询:
题目:显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中,若员工department_id与location_id为1800 的department_id相同,则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,(CASE department_id WHEN (SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1800)
THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END) location
FROM employees ;
2.5 空值问题
SELECT last_name,job_id
FROM employees WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Haas');
子查询不返回任何行
2.6 非法使用子查询
多行子查询使用单行比较符
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);#返回多行
3. 多行子查询
- 也称为集合比较子查询
- 内查询返回多行
- 使用多行比较操作符
3.1 多行比较操作符
操作符 | 含义 |
---|---|
IN | 等于列表中的任意一个 |
ANY | 需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的某一个值比较 |
ALL | 需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的所有值比较 |
SOME | 实际上是ANY的别名,作用相同,一般常使用ANY |
3.2 代码示例
3.2.1 IN
题目:返回每个部门最低工资的员工的employee_id以及last_name。
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary IN (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);
3.2.2 ANY / ALL
题目:返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及 salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG');
题目:返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG');
3.3 空值问题
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (SELECT manager_id
FROM employees);
4. 相关子查询
4.1 相关子查询执行流程
如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询,通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表,并进行了条件关联,因此每执行一次外部查询,子查询都要重新计算一次,这样的子查询就称之为 关联子查询
。
相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行,主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询。
说明:子查询中使用主查询中的列
4.2 代码示例
4.2.1 方式一:相关子查询
题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id);
#group by e2.department_id 注意这个条件是多余的主查询会传递 department_id
4.2.2 方式二:在 FROM 中使用子查询
题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#错误的:下面的sql有问题报错:未知列'e1.department_id'在'where子句'
#我自己的理解:首先子查询在 FROM 后面,首先加载子查询后加载 employees e1 所以子查询中找不到 e1.department_id。如果子查询在 WHERE 后面就没有问题,因为 FROM 比 WHERE 加载的要早(方式一就是例子)。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1,(SELECT AVG(salary) avg_salary
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id) e3
WHERE e1.salary > e3.avg_salary
#正确的:
#把条件放在主查询后面
SELECT e1.employee_id,e1.last_name,salary,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) e2
WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id AND e1.salary > e2.avg_salary
from型的子查询:子查询是作为from的一部分,子查询要用()引起来,并且要给这个子查询取别名, 把它当成一张“临时的虚拟的表”来使用。
4.2.3 在 ORDER BY 中使用子查询
题目:查询员工的id,salary,按照 department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`);
4.2.4 在 WHERE 中使用子查询
题目:若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
SELECT e.employee_id, last_name,e.job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM job_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);
4.3 EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS 关键字
- 关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用,用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。
- 如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行:
- 条件返回 FALSE
- 继续在子查询中查找
- 如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行:
- 不在子查询中继续查找
- 条件返回 TRUE
- NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
题目:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息
方式1:自连接
#sql92语法
#错误的:
SELECT e1.employee_id,e1.last_name,e1.job_id,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
#去重复
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id,e1.last_name,e1.job_id,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
结果是错误的
#正确的:
#注意:e1是员工表 e2是管理者表,应该查询的e2的列表。
SELECT DISTINCT e2.employee_id,e2.last_name,e2.job_id,e2.department_id
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
#sql99语法
SELECT DISTINCT e2.employee_id,e2.last_name,e2.job_id,e2.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
ON e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
方式二: EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id);
方式三: IN
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees);
题目:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.department_id);
4.4 相关更新
UPDATE table1 alias1
SET COLUMN = (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据。
题目:在employees中增加一个department_name字段,数据为员工对应的部门名称
#1
ALTER TABLE employees_copy
ADD(department_name VARCHAR(32));
#2
UPDATE employees_copy e
SET department_name = (SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id);
#3
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees_copy
4.4 相关删除
DELETE FROM table1 alias1
WHERE column operator (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据删除另一个表的数据。
题目:删除表employees中,其与emp_history表皆有的数据
DELETE FROM employees e
WHERE employee_id in (SELECT employee_id
FROM emp_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);
5. 抛一个思考题
问题:谁的工资比Abel的高?
方式1:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel' AND e1.salary < e2.salary
方式2:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel');
问题:以上两种方式有好坏之分吗?
解答:自连接方式好!
题目中可以使用子查询,也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议你使用自连接,因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中,对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。
可以这样理解:子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断,而自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断,因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。
6. 练习
1、查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey');
2、查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);
3、选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN’的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL(SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN');
4、查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%');
5、查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700);
6、查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary,manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'King');
7、查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees);
8、查询平均工资最低的部门信息
方式1:
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary ) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal));
方式2:
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary ) <= ALL(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id));
方式3:
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary ) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
LIMIT 1));
方式4:
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
LIMIT 0,1) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
9、查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)
方式1:
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary ) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal));
方式2:
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary ) <= ALL(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id));
方式3:
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.department_id) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
LIMIT 1));
方式4:
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
LIMIT 0,1) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id;
10、查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
方式1:
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id) t_job_avg_sal));
方式2:
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id));
方式3:
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 0,1));
方式4:
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j,(SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 0,1) t_job_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = t_job_avg_sal.job_id
11、查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);
12、查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
方式1:自连接 xxx worked for yyy
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;
方式2:子查询
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees);
方式3:使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id);
13、各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少
方式1:
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) = (SELECT MIN(max_sal)
FROM (SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_max_sal));
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 10;
方式2:
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) <= ALL (SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id));
方式3:
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) = (SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY max_sal ASC
LIMIT 0,1));
方式4:
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY max_sal ASC
LIMIT 0,1) t_dept_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_max_sal.department_id
14、查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
方式1:
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = ANY (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal)));
方式2:
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = ANY (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id)));
方式3:
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 0,1) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id);
15、查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
方式1:
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK');
方式2:
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id AND e.job_id = 'ST_CLERK');
16、选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
SELECT last_name
FROM employees emp
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees mgr
WHERE emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id);
17、查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 ‘De Haan’
方式1:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,hire_date,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'De Haan');
方式2:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,hire_date,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.`manager_id` = e2.`employee_id` AND e2.last_name = 'De Haan');
18、查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(难)
方式1:使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE department_id = e1.department_id);
方式2:在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal
19、查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称(相关子查询)
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);
20、查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号(相关子查询)
SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments d
WHERE l.location_id = d.location_id);