C++中的常见I/O方式

目录

摘要

1. 标准输入输出（Standard I/O）

2. 文件输入输出（File I/O）

3. 字符串流（String Stream）

4. 低级文件I/O（Low-level File I/O）

5. 内存映射文件（Memory-Mapped File I/O）

6. 网络I/O（Network I/O）

服务器端

客户端

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摘要

C++中的输入输出操作（I/O）方式多种多样，从简单的标准I/O到复杂的内存映射文件和网络I/O。每一种的用法都有其特别之处，下面会分别用代码的方式来简单介绍一些用法，可以根据自己项目所需来选择合适的I/O方式可以提高我们项目开发的效率。

1. 标准输入输出（Standard I/O）

标准输入输出用于与控制台进行交互。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

struct Student {
    string name;
    int age;
    vector<int> grades;

    void display() const {
        cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << ", Grades: ";
        for (int grade : grades) {
            cout << grade << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    vector<Student> students;
    string input;
    cout << "Enter student information (name age grades), type 'end' to stop:" << endl;
    while (true) {
        getline(cin, input);
        if (input == "end") break;

        istringstream iss(input);
        Student student;
        iss >> student.name >> student.age;
        int grade;
        while (iss >> grade) {
            student.grades.push_back(grade);
        }
        students.push_back(student);
    }

    cout << "Entered students:" << endl;
    for (const Student& student : students) {
        student.display();
    }

    return 0;
}

2. 文件输入输出（File I/O）

文件I/O操作允许将数据存储到文件中或从文件中读取。

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

struct Employee {
    string name;
    int id;
    double salary;

    void display() const {
        cout << "Name: " << name << ", ID: " << id << ", Salary: " << salary << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    vector<Employee> employees = {
        {"Aoteman", 1, 50000},
        {"AotemanDaddy", 2, 60000},
        {"AotemanMami", 3, 70000}
    };

    ofstream outFile("employees.dat", ios::binary);
    if (!outFile) {
        cerr << "Error opening file for writing" << endl;
        return 1;
    }
    for (const Employee& emp : employees) {
        outFile.write((char*)&emp, sizeof(Employee));
    }
    outFile.close();

    vector<Employee> readEmployees;
    ifstream inFile("employees.dat", ios::binary);
    if (!inFile) {
        cerr << "Error opening file for reading" << endl;
        return 1;
    }
    Employee emp;
    while (inFile.read((char*)&emp, sizeof(Employee))) {
        readEmployees.push_back(emp);
    }
    inFile.close();

    cout << "Read employees:" << endl;
    for (const Employee& emp : readEmployees) {
        emp.display();
    }

    return 0;
}

3. 字符串流（String Stream）

字符串流用于处理内存中的字符串流。

#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

struct Product {
    string name;
    double price;
    int quantity;

    void display() const {
        cout << "Name: " << name << ", Price: " << price << ", Quantity: " << quantity << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    vector<Product> products = {
        {"Apple", 999.99, 5},
        {"HuaWei", 699.99, 10},
        {"SanXing", 299.99, 7}
    };

    ostringstream oss;
    for (const Product& prod : products) {
        oss << prod.name << " " << prod.price << " " << prod.quantity << "\n";
    }
    string productData = oss.str();
    cout << "Serialized products:\n" << productData;

    vector<Product> parsedProducts;
    istringstream iss(productData);
    string name;
    double price;
    int quantity;
    while (iss >> name >> price >> quantity) {
        parsedProducts.push_back({name, price, quantity});
    }

    cout << "Parsed products:" << endl;
    for (const Product& prod : parsedProducts) {
        prod.display();
    }

    return 0;
}

4. 低级文件I/O（Low-level File I/O）

低级文件I/O使用系统调用来进行文件操作，提供了更高的灵活性和控制力。

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

struct Record {
    char name[20];
    int value;

    void display() const {
        cout << "Name: " << name << ", Value: " << value << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    vector<Record> records = {
        {"Record1", 100},
        {"Record2", 200},
        {"Record3", 300}
    };

    int fd = open("records.dat", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error opening file for writing" << endl;
        return 1;
    }
    for (const Record& rec : records) {
        write(fd, &rec, sizeof(Record));
    }
    close(fd);

    vector<Record> readRecords;
    fd = open("records.dat", O_RDONLY);
    if (fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error opening file for reading" << endl;
        return 1;
    }
    Record rec;
    while (read(fd, &rec, sizeof(Record)) > 0) {
        readRecords.push_back(rec);
    }
    close(fd);

    cout << "Read records:" << endl;
    for (const Record& rec : readRecords) {
        rec.display();
    }

    return 0;
}

5. 内存映射文件（Memory-Mapped File I/O）

内存映射文件将文件内容映射到进程的地址空间。

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

struct Data {
    char text[50];
    int number;

    void display() const {
        cout << "Text: " << text << ", Number: " << number << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    int fd = open("mmapdata.dat", O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0644);
    if (fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error opening file" << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    Data data = {"Memory-mapped file example", 42};
    write(fd, &data, sizeof(Data));

    size_t filesize = sizeof(Data);
    Data *map = static_cast<Data*>(mmap(0, filesize, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0));
    if (map == MAP_FAILED) {
        cerr << "Error mapping file" << endl;
        close(fd);
        return 1;
    }

    // 修改映射区域内容
    strcpy(map->text, "Updated text");
    map->number = 99;

    // 取消映射
    munmap(map, filesize);
    close(fd);

    // 读取文件内容
    fd = open("mmapdata.dat", O_RDONLY);
    if (fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error opening file" << endl;
        return 1;
    }
    Data readData;
    read(fd, &readData, sizeof(Data));
    close(fd);

    cout << "Read data:" << endl;
    readData.display();

    return 0;
}

6. 网络I/O（Network I/O）

网络I/O用于通过网络进行数据传输，涉及到套接字编程。

服务器端

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (server_fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error creating socket" << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    server_addr.sin_port = htons(9090);
    server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    if (bind(server_fd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
        cerr << "Error binding socket" << endl;
        close(server_fd);
        return 1;
    }

    if (listen(server_fd, 5) == -1) {
        cerr << "Error listening on socket" << endl;
        close(server_fd);
        return 1;
    }

    cout << "Server listening on port 9090..." << endl;

    int client_fd = accept(server_fd, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (client_fd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error accepting connection" << endl;
        close(server_fd);
        return 1;
    }

    char buffer[256];
    ssize_t bytesReceived = recv(client_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);
    if (bytesReceived == -1) {
        cerr << "Error receiving data" << endl;
        close(client_fd);
        close(server_fd);
        return 1;
    }
    buffer[bytesReceived] = '\0';
    cout << "Received from client: " << buffer << endl;

    const char *response = "Message received";
    send(client_fd, response, strlen(response), 0);

    close(client_fd);
    close(server_fd);

    return 0;
}

客户端

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (sockfd == -1) {
        cerr << "Error creating socket" << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    server_addr.sin_port = htons(9090);
    server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

    if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
        cerr << "Error connecting to server" << endl;
        close(sockfd);
        return 1;
    }

    const char *msg = "Hello, server!";
    send(sockfd, msg, strlen(msg), 0);

    char buffer[256];
    ssize_t bytesReceived = recv(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);
    if (bytesReceived == -1) {
        cerr << "Error receiving data" << endl;
    } else {
        buffer[bytesReceived] = '\0';
        cout << "Received from server: " << buffer << endl;
    }

    close(sockfd);
    return 0;
}