Achieving Scalability and Load Balance across Blockchain Shards for State Sharding

问题

这篇文章主要解决一个问题是,在sharding的时候,如果是基于账户或者状态的分片,以往的算法在分片的时候会根据账户地址或者哈希值进行划分。这是一种随机的分片。这种分片会造成一个问题是会导致跨分片交易过多。

因为一个跨分片交易会转换成为两个子交易。这就导致要处理的交易数量太多,工作负载太大。
并且,存在热分片的情况,各个分片之间的工作负载可能不均衡会产生偏斜。

在这里插入图片描述

算法

将账户建模成图的机构,边权位两个账户之间的交易数量。
点为账户。

C(x) 为一个划分下的跨分片交易数量
![[image-20231130104422290.png]]

D(x) 为一个划分下的各个shard 负载不均衡的度量

![[image-20231130110615255.png]]

既要减少跨片交易,又要均匀分配,我们得到如下的优化函数

![[image-20231130110943883.png]]

虽然现有已经有一些 community 检测算法,能够减少跨片交易的数量,但是不能限制各个community的大小,因此会造成负载的不均衡。

CLPA

有限的LPA,LPA会给每个节点一个标号,然后更新标号直到收敛

但是在这个问题中,限制他的迭代次数,就是防止他不收敛,估计是作者在跑这个算法的时候发现部分情况下没法收敛。

![[image-20231130111844384.png]]

在这个函数中也考虑到某个shard的负载太大的问题,因此会有 W k W_k Wk 这个参数来平衡,防止某个shard中的交易太多。

M-shard W-shard

M-shard 负责打包区块。收到state block之后,进行账户的重新划分。

W-shard负责监听,构建state graph,然后运行CLPA算法,生成并共识 state block,将state block

![[image-20231130114131781.png]]

state block中会记录所有 shard的 state root。

![[image-20231130114758083.png]]

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Deep person re-identification is the task of recognizing a person across different camera views in a surveillance system. It is a challenging problem due to variations in lighting, pose, and occlusion. To address this problem, researchers have proposed various deep learning models that can learn discriminative features for person re-identification. However, achieving state-of-the-art performance often requires carefully designed training strategies and model architectures. One approach to improving the performance of deep person re-identification is to use a "bag of tricks" consisting of various techniques that have been shown to be effective in other computer vision tasks. These techniques include data augmentation, label smoothing, mixup, warm-up learning rates, and more. By combining these techniques, researchers have been able to achieve significant improvements in re-identification accuracy. In addition to using a bag of tricks, it is also important to establish a strong baseline for deep person re-identification. A strong baseline provides a foundation for future research and enables fair comparisons between different methods. A typical baseline for re-identification consists of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on a large-scale dataset such as Market-1501 or DukeMTMC-reID. The baseline should also include appropriate data preprocessing, such as resizing and normalization, and evaluation metrics, such as mean average precision (mAP) and cumulative matching characteristic (CMC) curves. Overall, combining a bag of tricks with a strong baseline can lead to significant improvements in deep person re-identification performance. This can have important practical applications in surveillance systems, where accurate person recognition is essential for ensuring public safety.

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