设计模式--原型模式（关键是克隆）

原型模式

定义：指原型实例指定创建对象的种类，并且通过拷贝这些原型创建新的对象。

不需要知道任何创建的细节，不调用构造函数

类型：创建型

适用场景：（1）类初始化消耗较多资源，（2）new产生的一个对象需要非常繁琐的过程（数据准备，访问权限等），（3）构造函数比较复杂，（4）循环体中生产大量对象时。

优点：（1）原型模式性能比直接new一个对象性能高，（2）简化创建过程

缺点：（2）必须配备克隆方法，（2）对克隆复杂对象或对克隆出的对象进行复杂改造时，容易引入风险，（3）深拷贝，浅拷贝要运用得当。

 

何为深克隆，浅克隆？

（1）浅克隆是对象克隆，但是对象中的成员变量没有克隆，导致克隆后的对象的成员变量的引用还是原始对象的引用，这样在修改其中一个对象的成员变量时，其另一个对象的成员变量也改变了；

（2）深克隆是，在克隆对象的同时，其对象的成员变量也要克隆。

// 代码示例：
public class Pig implements Cloneable{
    private String name;
    private Date birthday;

    public Pig(String name, Date birthday) {
        this.name = name;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Date getBirthday() {
        return birthday;
    }

    public void setBirthday(Date birthday) {
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Pig pig = (Pig)super.clone();

        //深克隆
        pig.birthday = (Date) pig.birthday.clone();
        return pig;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Pig{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", birthday=" + birthday +
                '}'+super.toString();
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
        Date birthday = new Date(0L);
        Pig pig1 = new Pig("佩奇",birthday);
        Pig pig2 = (Pig) pig1.clone();
        System.out.println(pig1);
        System.out.println(pig2);

        pig1.getBirthday().setTime(666666666666L);

        System.out.println(pig1);
        System.out.println(pig2);

    }
}

//运行结果：
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Thu Jan 01 08:00:00 CST 1970}com.geely.design.pattern.creational.prototype.clone.Pig@5b6f7412
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Thu Jan 01 08:00:00 CST 1970}com.geely.design.pattern.creational.prototype.clone.Pig@27973e9b
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Sat Feb 16 09:11:06 CST 1991}com.geely.design.pattern.creational.prototype.clone.Pig@5b6f7412
Pig{name='佩奇', birthday=Thu Jan 01 08:00:00 CST 1970}com.geely.design.pattern.creational.prototype.clone.Pig@27973e9b

 

原型模式的 代码示例：（示例程序要保证最后一个变量不改变）

public class Mail implements Cloneable{
    private String name;
    private String emailAddress;
    private String content;
    public Mail(){
        System.out.println("Mail Class Constructor");
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getEmailAddress() {
        return emailAddress;
    }

    public void setEmailAddress(String emailAddress) {
        this.emailAddress = emailAddress;
    }

    public String getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    public void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Mail{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", emailAddress='" + emailAddress + '\'' +
                ", content='" + content + '\'' +
                '}'+super.toString();
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        System.out.println("clone mail object");
        return super.clone();
    }
}

public class MailUtil {
    public static void sendMail(Mail mail){
        String outputContent = "向{0}同学,邮件地址:{1},邮件内容:{2}发送邮件成功";
        System.out.println(MessageFormat.format(outputContent,mail.getName(),mail.getEmailAddress(),mail.getContent()));
    }
    public static void saveOriginMailRecord(Mail mail){
        System.out.println("存储originMail记录,originMail:"+mail.getContent());
    }
}

// 测试代码
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Mail mail = new Mail();
        mail.setContent("初始化模板");
        System.out.println("初始化mail:"+mail);
        for(int i = 0;i < 10;i++){
            Mail mailTemp = (Mail) mail.clone();
            mailTemp.setName("姓名"+i);
            mailTemp.setEmailAddress("姓名"+i+"@imooc.com");
            mailTemp.setContent("恭喜您，此次慕课网活动中奖了");
            MailUtil.sendMail(mailTemp);
            System.out.println("克隆的mailTemp:"+mailTemp);
        }
        MailUtil.saveOriginMailRecord(mail);
    }
}

克隆破坏了单例

// 单例
public class HungrySingleton implements Serializable,Cloneable{

    private final static HungrySingleton hungrySingleton;

    static{
        hungrySingleton = new HungrySingleton();
    }
    private HungrySingleton(){
        if(hungrySingleton != null){
            throw new RuntimeException("单例构造器禁止反射调用");
        }
    }
    public static HungrySingleton getInstance(){
        return hungrySingleton;
    }

    private Object readResolve(){
        return hungrySingleton;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
 //       return getInstance();  适用这个，替换掉 super.clone()，解决问题。
        return super.clone();
    }
}

// 测试：
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {

        HungrySingleton hungrySingleton = HungrySingleton.getInstance();
        Method method = hungrySingleton.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("clone");
        method.setAccessible(true);
        HungrySingleton cloneHungrySingleton = (HungrySingleton) method.invoke(hungrySingleton);
        System.out.println(hungrySingleton);
        System.out.println(cloneHungrySingleton);

    }
}

// 结果：
com.geely.design.pattern.creational.singleton.HungrySingleton@12edcd21
com.geely.design.pattern.creational.singleton.HungrySingleton@34c45dca

源码举例

JDK 源码 只要是实现了 Cloneable 接口的类，都实现了原型模式，如：ArrayList 和 HashMap 等。