Matlab微分方程符号解和数值解

符号解用dsolve函数
例 求微分方程$y''+4y'+4y=e^{-2x}$

 dsolve('D2y+4*Dy+4*y=exp(-2*x)')

结果

ans =

1/(4*exp(2*x)) + C5/exp(2*t) + (C6*t)/exp(2*t)

例 求解微分方程$x^2y'+xy=y^2,y(1)=1$的特解

dsolve('x^2*Dy+x*y=y^2','y(1)=1')

结果

ans =

-(x*(tan(-(x*((- 1 + 2*x*atan((2*i)/x - i)*i)/x^2 + t/x^2)*i)/2) + i)*i)/2

数值解用龙格库塔方法
函数
$[X,Y]=ode23('f',[x_0,x_n],y_0)$
$[X,Y]=ode45('f',[x_0,x_n],y_0)$
f是函数，$y_0$是初值，$[x_0,x_n]$是区间
ode23是二阶三阶龙格库塔方法，ode45是四阶五阶龙格库塔方法
例 求微分方程

$$\left\{ \begin{aligned} \frac{\rm d y}{\rm d x}=-3y+2x \\ y(0)=1 \end{aligned} \right.$$
在[1,3]区间内的数值解。
f.m

function f=f(x,y)
f=-3.*y+2.*x;
end

输入命令

[X,Y]=ode45('f',[1 3],1);
X',Y'

结果

ans =

  Columns 1 through 8

    1.0000    1.0500    1.1000    1.1500    1.2000    1.2500    1.3000    1.3500

  Columns 9 through 16

    1.4000    1.4500    1.5000    1.5500    1.6000    1.6500    1.7000    1.7500

  Columns 17 through 24

    1.8000    1.8500    1.9000    1.9500    2.0000    2.0500    2.1000    2.1500

  Columns 25 through 32

    2.2000    2.2500    2.3000    2.3500    2.4000    2.4500    2.5000    2.5500

  Columns 33 through 40

    2.6000    2.6500    2.7000    2.7500    2.8000    2.8500    2.9000    2.9500

  Column 41

    3.0000


ans =

  Columns 1 through 8

    1.0000    0.9559    0.9226    0.8987    0.8827    0.8735    0.8703    0.8722

  Columns 9 through 16

    0.8785    0.8885    0.9017    0.9178    0.9363    0.9568    0.9791    1.0030

  Columns 17 through 24

    1.0282    1.0545    1.0818    1.1099    1.1388    1.1683    1.1983    1.2287

  Columns 25 through 32

    1.2596    1.2908    1.3224    1.3541    1.3861    1.4183    1.4506    1.4831

  Columns 33 through 40

    1.5157    1.5484    1.5812    1.6140    1.6470    1.6799    1.7130    1.7460

  Column 41

    1.7792

例 求微分方程

$$\left\{ \begin{aligned} 5\frac{\rm d y}{\rm d x}+y=1 \\ y(0)=2 \end{aligned} \right.$$
的数值解。
f.m

function f=f(x,y)
f=-y./5+1/5;
end

输入命令

[X,Y]=ode45('f',[1 3],2);
X',Y'

结果

ans =

  Columns 1 through 8

    1.0000    1.0500    1.1000    1.1500    1.2000    1.2500    1.3000    1.3500

  Columns 9 through 16

    1.4000    1.4500    1.5000    1.5500    1.6000    1.6500    1.7000    1.7500

  Columns 17 through 24

    1.8000    1.8500    1.9000    1.9500    2.0000    2.0500    2.1000    2.1500

  Columns 25 through 32

    2.2000    2.2500    2.3000    2.3500    2.4000    2.4500    2.5000    2.5500

  Columns 33 through 40

    2.6000    2.6500    2.7000    2.7500    2.8000    2.8500    2.9000    2.9500

  Column 41

    3.0000


ans =

  Columns 1 through 8

    2.0000    1.9900    1.9802    1.9704    1.9608    1.9512    1.9418    1.9324

  Columns 9 through 16

    1.9231    1.9139    1.9048    1.8958    1.8869    1.8781    1.8694    1.8607

  Columns 17 through 24

    1.8521    1.8437    1.8353    1.8270    1.8187    1.8106    1.8025    1.7945

  Columns 25 through 32

    1.7866    1.7788    1.7711    1.7634    1.7558    1.7483    1.7408    1.7334

  Columns 33 through 40

    1.7261    1.7189    1.7118    1.7047    1.6977    1.6907    1.6839    1.6771

  Column 41

    1.6703