定积分之旋转曲面的面积

极坐标
设$\stackrel \frown {AB}$的方程为$\rho=\rho(\theta)$，$\alpha≤\theta≤\beta$,则
$S=2\pi \int_\alpha ^\beta \rho(\theta)\sin \theta \sqrt {[\rho(\theta)]^2+[\rho'(\theta)]^2} d\theta$
例：求心形线(心脏线)$\rho=a(1+\cos \theta)$,$a>0$绕极轴旋转一周的旋转曲面面积。
代公式
弧元$ds=\sqrt {[\rho(\theta)]^2+[\rho'(\theta)]^2} d\theta=\sqrt {[a(1+\cos \theta)]^2+[a(-\sin \theta)]^2} d\theta=\sqrt 2a \sqrt {1+\cos \theta} d\theta$
$S=2\pi \int_\alpha ^\beta \rho(\theta)\sin \theta \sqrt {[\rho(\theta)]^2+[\rho'(\theta)]^2} d\theta$
$=2\pi \int_0 ^\pi a(1+\cos \theta)\sin \theta \sqrt 2a \sqrt {1+\cos \theta} d\theta$
$=2\sqrt 2\pi a^2 \int_0 ^\pi (1+\cos \theta)^{\frac{3}{2}}\sin \theta d\theta$
$=-2\sqrt 2\pi a^2 \int_0 ^\pi (1+\cos \theta)^{\frac{3}{2}}d(1+\cos \theta)$
$=-2\sqrt 2\pi a^2 \frac{2}{5}(1+\cos \theta)^{\frac{5}{2}}|_0^{\pi}$
$=-2\sqrt 2\pi a^2 \frac{2}{5}(-4\sqrt 2)$
$= \frac{32}{5}\pi a^2$

心形线matlab画法,matlab中可以使用polar极坐标画图
$\theta为0\to\pi$的心形线

clear
clc
theta=0:pi/100:pi;
r=4*(1-cos(theta));
polar(theta,r)

$\theta为0\to2\pi$的心形线

clear
clc
theta=0:pi/100:2*pi;
r=4*(1-cos(theta));
polar(theta,r)