opengles2.0 headfirst Simple_VertexShader

在这篇文章里记录笔者在阅读《OpenGL(R) ES 2.0 Programming Guide》1-8章里面觉得重要的知识点，在开始分析代码之前，先分析两个api调用：

void glDrawArrays(GLenum  mode , GLint  first , GLsizei  count )
mode specifies the primitive to render. Valid values are:
GL_POINTS
GL_LINES
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
first specifies the starting vertex index in the enabled vertex arrays
count specifies the number of indices to be drawn.

void glDrawElements(GLenum  mode , GLsizei  count ,
GLenum  type , const GLvoid * indices )
mode specifies the primitive to render. Valid values are:
GL_POINTS
GL_LINES
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
count specifies the number of indices
type specifies the type of element indices stored in indices.Valid
values are:
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT
GL_UNSIGNED_INT —optional (can be used only if the
OES_element_index_uint extension is implemented)
indices specifies a pointer to location where element indices are stored.

大致概括下这块书上的分析，glDrawArrays在大量接续的，不共享的图元绘制情况下有很大优势；

但是在现实的绘制场景中(连续而大量共享顶点)，glDrawElements能表现出更优的性能，减少内存和子宽的占用；比如在下面的场景中：

使用glDrawArrays实现，

#define VERTEX_POS_INDX 0
#define NUM_FACES 6
GLfloat vertices[] = { … }; // (x, y, z) per vertex
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_POS_INDX);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
0, vertices);
for (i=0; i<NUM_FACES; i++)
{
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, first, 4);
first += 4;
}

或者

glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

为了绘制这个立方体，需要为每个面调用一次glDrawArrays，并且要为每个复用顶点进行复制，意味着本来的8个顶点，我们需要分配24个顶点的内存。或者36个顶点内存。

使用glDrawElements实现，

#define VERTEX_POS_INDX 0
GLfloat vertices[] = { … };// (x, y, z) per vertex
GLubyte indices[36] = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3,
0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 5,
0, 5, 6, 0, 6, 1,
7, 6, 1, 7, 1, 2,
7, 4, 5, 7, 5, 6,
7, 2, 3, 7, 3, 4 };
glEnableVertexAttribArray(VERTEX_POS_INDX);
glVertexAttribPointer(VERTEX_POS_INDX, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
0, vertices);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, sizeof(indices)/sizeof(GLubyte),
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, indices);

很多因素会导致GPU处理glDrawElements过程要比前者快很多，比如vertices被glDrawElements复用，所以在vertex里面需要的vertex attribute 会相应减少。并且可以减少glDrawElements节约了顶点的内存占用。

接下来我们分析下书本上的几个例子,这里贴出相关Opengles的部分，因为EGL部分都是通用的esutils来实现的，源码里面。书本上有几个知识点没有在例子代码上写出来，文章后面我单独列一下。

Simple_VertexShader：

//
// Book:      OpenGL(R) ES 2.0 Programming Guide
// Authors:   Aaftab Munshi, Dan Ginsburg, Dave Shreiner
// ISBN-10:   0321502795
// ISBN-13:   9780321502797
// Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional
// URLs:      http://safari.informit.com/9780321563835
//            http://www.opengles-book.com
//

// Simple_VertexShader.c
//
//    This is a simple example that draws a rotating cube in perspective
//    using a vertex shader to transform the object
//
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "esUtil.h"

typedef struct
{
   // Handle to a program object
   GLuint programObject;

   // Attribute locations
   GLint  positionLoc;

   // Uniform locations
   GLint  mvpLoc;
   
   // Vertex daata
   GLfloat  *vertices;
   GLuint   *indices;
   int       numIndices;

   // Rotation angle
   GLfloat   angle;

   // MVP matrix
   ESMatrix  mvpMatrix;
} UserData;

///
// Initialize the shader and program object
//
int Init ( ESContext *esContext )
{
   UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
   GLbyte vShaderStr[] =  
      "uniform mat4 u_mvpMatrix;                   \n"
      "attribute vec4 a_position;                  \n"
      "void main()                                 \n"
      "{                                           \n"
      "   gl_Position = u_mvpMatrix * a_position;  \n"
      "}                                           \n";
   
   GLbyte fShaderStr[] =  
      "precision mediump float;                            \n"
      "void main()                                         \n"
      "{                                                   \n"
      "  gl_FragColor = vec4( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );        \n"
      "}                                                   \n";

   // Load the shaders and get a linked program object
   userData->programObject = esLoadProgram ( vShaderStr, fShaderStr );

   // Get the attribute locations
   userData->positionLoc = glGetAttribLocation ( userData->programObject, "a_position" );

   // Get the uniform locations
   userData->mvpLoc = glGetUniformLocation( userData->programObject, "u_mvpMatrix" );
   
   // Generate the vertex data
   userData->numIndices = esGenCube( 1.0, &userData->vertices,
                                     NULL, NULL, &userData->indices );
   
   // Starting rotation angle for the cube
   userData->angle = 45.0f;

   glClearColor ( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );
   return TRUE;
}


///
// Update MVP matrix based on time
//
void Update ( ESContext *esContext, float deltaTime )
{
   UserData *userData = (UserData*) esContext->userData;
   ESMatrix perspective;
   ESMatrix modelview;
   float    aspect;
   
   // Compute a rotation angle based on time to rotate the cube
   userData->angle += ( deltaTime * 40.0f );
   if( userData->angle >= 360.0f )
      userData->angle -= 360.0f;

   // Compute the window aspect ratio
   aspect = (GLfloat) esContext->width / (GLfloat) esContext->height;
   
   // Generate a perspective matrix with a 60 degree FOV
   esMatrixLoadIdentity( &perspective );
   esPerspective( &perspective, 60.0f, aspect, 1.0f, 20.0f );

   // Generate a model view matrix to rotate/translate the cube
   esMatrixLoadIdentity( &modelview );

   // Translate away from the viewer
   esTranslate( &modelview, 0.0, 0.0, -2.0 );

   // Rotate the cube
   esRotate( &modelview, userData->angle, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
   
   // Compute the final MVP by multiplying the 
   // modevleiw and perspective matrices together
   esMatrixMultiply( &userData->mvpMatrix, &modelview, &perspective );
}

///
// Draw a triangle using the shader pair created in Init()
//
void Draw ( ESContext *esContext )
{
   UserData *userData = esContext->userData;
   
   // Set the viewport
   glViewport ( 0, 0, esContext->width, esContext->height );
   
   
   // Clear the color buffer
   glClear ( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );

   // Use the program object
   glUseProgram ( userData->programObject );

   // Load the vertex position
   glVertexAttribPointer ( userData->positionLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, 
                           GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(GLfloat), userData->vertices );
   
   glEnableVertexAttribArray ( userData->positionLoc );
   
   
   // Load the MVP matrix
   glUniformMatrix4fv( userData->mvpLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat*) &userData->mvpMatrix.m[0][0] );
   
   // Draw the cube
   glDrawElements ( GL_TRIANGLES, userData->numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, userData->indices );

   eglSwapBuffers ( esContext->eglDisplay, esContext->eglSurface );
}

///
// Cleanup
//
void ShutDown ( ESContext *esContext )
{
   UserData *userData = esContext->userData;

   if ( userData->vertices != NULL )
   {
      free ( userData->vertices );
   }

   if ( userData->indices != NULL )
   {
      free ( userData->indices );
   }

   // Delete program object
   glDeleteProgram ( userData->programObject );
}


int main ( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
   ESContext esContext;
   UserData  userData;

   esInitContext ( &esContext );
   esContext.userData = &userData;

   esCreateWindow ( &esContext, "Simple Texture 2D", 320, 240, ES_WINDOW_RGB );
   
   if ( !Init ( &esContext ) )
      return 0;

   esRegisterDrawFunc ( &esContext, Draw );
   esRegisterUpdateFunc ( &esContext, Update );
   
   esMainLoop ( &esContext );

   ShutDown ( &esContext );
}