TensorFlow Note 1 : Getting Started With TensorFlow

官方原文,自行翻墙.

使用之前需要先搞清楚的几点:

• TensorFlow Core 对于Machine learning的researcher 比较好用
• higher level APIs是基于 TensorFlow Core,更简单
• tf.contrib.learn 可以帮助你管理 data sets,
• contrib 正在开发,常变

Tensor

多维数组, rank代表的是维度的数量

3 # a rank 0 tensor; this is a scalar with shape []
[1. ,2., 3.] # a rank 1 tensor; this is a vector with shape [3]
[[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.]] # a rank 2 tensor; a matrix with shape [2, 3]
[[[1., 2., 3.]], [[7., 8., 9.]]] # a rank 3 tensor with shape [2, 1, 3] 

TensorFlow Core tutorial

• Building the computational graph.
• Running the computational graph.

常量的表示

tf.constant是不能变的

node1 = tf.constant(3.0, dtype=tf.float32)
node2 = tf.constant(4.0) # also tf.float32 implicitly
print(node1, node2)

打印是不能直接打印出值的

Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32) Tensor("Const_1:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)

必须用 Session.run()

sess = tf.Session()
print(sess.run([node1, node2]))
[3.0, 4.0]

Tensor的操作

node3 = tf.add(node1, node2)
print("node3: ", node3)
print("sess.run(node3): ",sess.run(node3))

操作和常量也是一样的,不Session.run()是没有值的

hdr_strongcontent_copy
node3:  Tensor("Add:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)
sess.run(node3):  7.0

placeholder

一个图,能够参数化,去接收外部的输出.先占位,稍后传值进来
类似lambda,先定义参数,再操作

a = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
b = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
adder_node = a + b  # + provides a shortcut for tf.add(a, b)

feed_dict,用来传入具体的值

print(sess.run(adder_node, {a: 3, b:4.5}))
print(sess.run(adder_node, {a: [1,3], b: [2, 4]}))
7.5
[ 3.  7.]

Variables

用来定义可训练的参数,即w和b

W = tf.Variable([.3], dtype=tf.float32)
b = tf.Variable([-.3], dtype=tf.float32)
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
linear_model = W * x + b

tf.Variable刚定义是没有初始化的,必须要如下

init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
print(sess.run(linear_model, {x:[1,2,3,4]}))
[ 0.          0.30000001  0.60000002  0.90000004]

需要y的placeholder提供labels
需要loss function

y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
squared_deltas = tf.square(linear_model - y)
loss = tf.reduce_sum(squared_deltas)
print(sess.run(loss, {x:[1,2,3,4], y:[0,-1,-2,-3]}))
23.66

variable是可以变化的,使用tf.assign

fixW = tf.assign(W, [-1.])
fixb = tf.assign(b, [1.])
sess.run([fixW, fixb])
print(sess.run(loss, {x:[1,2,3,4], y:[0,-1,-2,-3]}))
0.0

tf.train API

tf.gradients是可以直接计算倒数的
optimizer可以直接定义

optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01)
train = optimizer.minimize(loss)
sess.run(init) # reset values to incorrect defaults.
for i in range(1000):
  sess.run(train, {x:[1,2,3,4], y:[0,-1,-2,-3]})
print(sess.run([W, b]))
[array([-0.9999969], dtype=float32), array([ 0.99999082],
 dtype=float32)]

完整使用

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

# Model parameters
W = tf.Variable([.3], dtype=tf.float32)
b = tf.Variable([-.3], dtype=tf.float32)
# Model input and output
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
linear_model = W * x + b
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
# loss
loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(linear_model - y)) # sum of the squares
# optimizer
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01)
train = optimizer.minimize(loss)
# training data
x_train = [1,2,3,4]
y_train = [0,-1,-2,-3]
# training loop
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init) # reset values to wrong
for i in range(1000):
  sess.run(train, {x:x_train, y:y_train})

# evaluate training accuracy
curr_W, curr_b, curr_loss = sess.run([W, b, loss], {x:x_train, y:y_train})
print("W: %s b: %s loss: %s"%(curr_W, curr_b, curr_loss))

W: [-0.9999969] b: [ 0.99999082] loss: 5.69997e-11

tf.contrib.learn

tf.contrib.learn高等级API
- running training loops
- running evaluation loops
- managing data sets
- managing feeding

基本使用

import tensorflow as tf
# NumPy is often used to load, manipulate and preprocess data.
import numpy as np

# Declare list of features. We only have one real-valued feature. There are many
# other types of columns that are more complicated and useful.
features = [tf.contrib.layers.real_valued_column("x", dimension=1)]

# An estimator is the front end to invoke training (fitting) and evaluation
# (inference). There are many predefined types like linear regression,
# logistic regression, linear classification, logistic classification, and
# many neural network classifiers and regressors. The following code
# provides an estimator that does linear regression.
estimator = tf.contrib.learn.LinearRegressor(feature_columns=features)

# TensorFlow provides many helper methods to read and set up data sets.
# Here we use two data sets: one for training and one for evaluation
# We have to tell the function how many batches
# of data (num_epochs) we want and how big each batch should be.
x_train = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.])
y_train = np.array([0., -1., -2., -3.])
x_eval = np.array([2., 5., 8., 1.])
y_eval = np.array([-1.01, -4.1, -7, 0.])
input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn({"x":x_train}, y_train,
                                              batch_size=4,
                                              num_epochs=1000)
eval_input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn(
    {"x":x_eval}, y_eval, batch_size=4, num_epochs=1000)

# We can invoke 1000 training steps by invoking the  method and passing the
# training data set.
estimator.fit(input_fn=input_fn, steps=1000)

# Here we evaluate how well our model did.
train_loss = estimator.evaluate(input_fn=input_fn)
eval_loss = estimator.evaluate(input_fn=eval_input_fn)
print("train loss: %r"% train_loss)
print("eval loss: %r"% eval_loss)

    train loss: {'global_step': 1000, 'loss': 4.3049088e-08}
    eval loss: {'global_step': 1000, 'loss': 0.0025487561}

自定义模型,用基础API

estimator = tf.contrib.learn.Estimator(model_fn=model)调用后
直接evaluate predictions, training steps, and loss.

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
# Declare list of features, we only have one real-valued feature
def model(features, labels, mode):
  # Build a linear model and predict values
  W = tf.get_variable("W", [1], dtype=tf.float64)
  b = tf.get_variable("b", [1], dtype=tf.float64)
  y = W*features['x'] + b
  # Loss sub-graph
  loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(y - labels))
  # Training sub-graph
  global_step = tf.train.get_global_step()
  optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01)
  train = tf.group(optimizer.minimize(loss),
                   tf.assign_add(global_step, 1))
  # ModelFnOps connects subgraphs we built to the
  # appropriate functionality.
  return tf.contrib.learn.ModelFnOps(
      mode=mode, predictions=y,
      loss=loss,
      train_op=train)
estimator = tf.contrib.learn.Estimator(model_fn=model)
# define our data sets
x_train = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.])
y_train = np.array([0., -1., -2., -3.])
x_eval = np.array([2., 5., 8., 1.])
y_eval = np.array([-1.01, -4.1, -7, 0.])
input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn({"x": x_train}, y_train, 4, num_epochs=1000)

# train
estimator.fit(input_fn=input_fn, steps=1000)
# Here we evaluate how well our model did. 
train_loss = estimator.evaluate(input_fn=input_fn)
eval_loss = estimator.evaluate(input_fn=eval_input_fn)
print("train loss: %r"% train_loss)
print("eval loss: %r"% eval_loss)

train loss: {'global_step': 1000, 'loss': 4.9380226e-11}
eval loss: {'global_step': 1000, 'loss': 0.01010081}