Log4j 学习

Log4j有三个组件，分别是 loggers, appenders and layouts。

 

Logger - 日志写出器 ，供程序员输出日志信息 
Appender - 日志目的地 ，把格式化好的日志信息输出到指定的地方去 
Layout - 日志格式化器 ，用来把程序员的 logging request 格式化成字符串

 

1.Loger

Loger name是大小写敏感的。Logger的定义遵循以下的规则：

Named Hierarchy A logger is said to be an ancestor of another logger if its name followed by a dot is a prefix of the descendant logger name. A logger is said to be a parent of a child logger if there are no ancestors between itself and the descendant logger. 

例如：

the logger named "com.foo" is a parent of the logger named "com.foo.Bar".

"java" is a parent of "java.util" and an ancestor of "java.util.Vector".

RootLogger只能通过Logger.getRootLogger方法取得，非RootLogger通过Logger.getLogger(Name)取得。

Logger level有TRACE,DEBUG,INFO,WARN,ERROR andFATAL这几种，定义在org.apache.log4j.Level类里。

level的继承：

如果一个Logger没有声明level，那么它将继承自它的ancestor里离它最近的并且声明了level的ancestor的level。

继承规则:

Level Inheritance The inherited level for a given logger C, is equal to the first non-null level in the logger hierarchy, starting at C and proceeding upwards in the hierarchy towards the root logger. 

[注]RootLogger必须声明一个Level。

 

Level级别：DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERROR < FATAL。

 

如果getLogger()方法参数相同的话，将返回同一个Logger对象的引用。

例如：

Logger x = Logger.getLogger("wombat");

Logger y = Logger.getLogger("wombat");

x和y指向同一个Logger对象。

 

2.Appenders

一个Logger可以有多个appender。通过addAppender方法向Logger增加appender。

Each enabled logging request for a given logger will be forwarded to all the appenders in that logger as well as the appenders higher in the hierarchy. 

也就是说打印日志也具有继承性，子Logger在打印日志时，同时也会向它的祖先Logger的appender输出日志。

例如：如果RootLogger具有一个appender是Console，那么任何Logger都会向Console输出日志。

这是Log4j的默认行为，也可以通过设定additive 为false来改变默认行为。

日志输出的继承性规则如下：

Appender Additivity The output of a log statement of logger C will go to all the appenders in C and its ancestors. This is the meaning of the term "appender additivity". However, if an ancestor of logger C, say P, has the additivity flag set to false, then C's output will be directed to all the appenders in C and its ancestors upto and including P but not the appenders in any of the ancestors of P. Loggers have their additivity flag set to true by default. 

3.Layout

根据配置信息格式化日志的输出信息。

Log4j 提供的 layout 有以下几种： 

             1.org.apache.log4j.HTMLLayout （以 HTML 表格形式布局）， 

             2.org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout （可以灵活地指定布局模式）， 　         

             3.org.apache.log4j.SimpleLayout （包含日志信息的级别和信息字符串），
　　       4.org.apache.log4j.TTCCLayout （包含日志产生的时间、线程、类别等等信息） 

Log4J 采用类似 C 语言中的 printf 函数的打印格式格式化日志信息，打印参数如下： 

             %p 输出优先级，即 DEBUG ， INFO ， WARN ， ERROR ， FATAL

             %r 输出自应用启动到输出该 log 信息耗费的毫秒数

             %c 输出所属的类目，通常就是所在类的全名

             %t 输出产生该日志事件的线程名

             %n 输出一个回车换行符， Windows 平台为 “rn” ， Unix 平台为 “n”

             %m 输出代码中指定的消息

 

 

　　       %d 输出日志时间点的日期或时间，默认格式为 ISO8601 ，也可以在其后指定格式，比如： %d{yyy MMM dd HH:mm:ss,SSS} ，输出类似： 2002 年 10 月 18 日 22 ： 10 ： 28 ， 921　　      　　       　　       　　      　　       

 

 

一个简单的log4j.properties 配置文件：

　　       %l  输出日志事件的发生位置，包括类目名、发生的线程，以及在代码中的行数。举例：  Testlog4.main(TestLog4.java:10)

 

log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, A1 log4j.appender.A1=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender log4j.appender.A1.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout # Print the date in ISO 8601 format log4j.appender.A1.layout.ConversionPattern=%d [%t] %-5p %c - %m%n # Print only messages of level WARN or above in the package com.foo. log4j.logger.com.foo=WARN

 

由此可见，任何一个类都有一个Logger，如果想设定某个类或者某个包下所有类的日志级别，appender，可以单独对类或者包进行配置。

log4j.logger.类名/包名 = level，appender1，append2，.....

 

Log4j初始化顺序(The exact default initialization algorithm is defined as follows)：

Setting the log4j.defaultInitOverride system property to any other value then "false" will cause log4j to skip the default initialization procedure (this procedure). Set the resource string variable to the value of the log4j.configuration system property. The preferred way to specify the default initialization file is through the log4j.configuration system property. In case the system property log4j.configuration is not defined, then set the string variable resource to its default value "log4j.properties". Attempt to convert the resource variable to a URL. If the resource variable cannot be converted to a URL, for example due to a MalformedURLException, then search for the resource from the classpath by calling org.apache.log4j.helpers.Loader.getResource(resource, Logger.class) which returns a URL. Note that the string "log4j.properties" constitutes a malformed URL. See Loader.getResource(java.lang.String) for the list of searched locations. If no URL could not be found, abort default initialization. Otherwise, configure log4j from the URL. The PropertyConfigurator will be used to parse the URL to configure log4j unless the URL ends with the ".xml" extension, in which case the DOMConfigurator will be used. You can optionaly specify a custom configurator. The value of the log4j.configuratorClass system property is taken as the fully qualified class name of your custom configurator. The custom configurator you specify must implement the Configurator interface.