转向行为(AdvancED ActionScript 3.0 Animation第二章节的主要代码的学习)

共有4个类包:Circle.as建立障碍物的类(非关键代码)

其它三个程序代码如下:

 

Vector2D.as

内容为:向量的定义,以及基本计算方法:

package com.foed { import flash.display.Graphics; /** * A basic 2-dimensional vector class. */ public class Vector2D { private var _x:Number; private var _y:Number; /** * Constructor. */ public function Vector2D(x:Number = 0, y:Number = 0) { _x = x; _y = y; } /** * Can be used to visualize the vector. Generally used for debug purposes only. * @param graphics The Graphics instance to draw the vector on. * @param color The color of the line used to represent the vector. */ public function draw(graphics:Graphics, color:uint = 0):void { graphics.lineStyle(0, color); graphics.moveTo(0, 0); graphics.lineTo(_x, _y); } /** * Generates a copy of this vector. * @return Vector2D A copy of this vector. */ public function clone():Vector2D { return new Vector2D(x, y); } /** * Sets this vector's x and y values, and thus length, to zero. * @return Vector2D A reference to this vector. */ public function zero():Vector2D { _x = 0; _y = 0; return this; } /** * Whether or not this vector is equal to zero, i.e. its x, y, and length are zero. * @return Boolean True if vector is zero, otherwise false. */ public function isZero():Boolean { return _x == 0 && _y == 0; } /** * Sets / gets the length or magnitude of this vector. Changing the length will change the x and y but not the angle of this vector. * 要先定义速度lenght,再定义angle，在计算时，可以看到，当没有速度时，角度计算*len时，将为0，反过来，没有角度时，计算的速度值为水平默认方向 */ public function set length(value:Number):void { var a:Number = angle; _x = Math.cos(a) * value; _y = Math.sin(a) * value; } public function get length():Number { return Math.sqrt(lengthSQ); } /** * Gets the length of this vector, squared. */ public function get lengthSQ():Number { return _x * _x + _y * _y; } /** * Gets / sets the angle of this vector. Changing the angle changes the x and y but retains the same length. */ public function set angle(value:Number):void //参数为弧度 { var len:Number = length; _x = Math.cos(value) * len; _y = Math.sin(value) * len; } public function get angle():Number { return Math.atan2(_y, _x); } /** * Normalizes this vector. Equivalent to setting the length to one, but more efficient. * 规范化此载体。相当于设置长度之一，但更有效。（转化成单位向量） * @return Vector2D A reference to this vector. */ public function normalize():Vector2D { if(length == 0) { _x = 1; return this; } var len:Number = length; _x /= len; _y /= len; return this; } /** * Ensures the length of the vector is no longer than the given value. * 保证了向量的长度不超过给定值。 * @param max The maximum value this vector should be. If length is larger than max, it will be truncated to this value. * @return Vector2D A reference to this vector. */ public function truncate(max:Number):Vector2D { length = Math.min(max, length); return this; } /** * Reverses the direction of this vector. * 颠倒了这个矢量的方向。 * @return Vector2D A reference to this vector. */ public function reverse():Vector2D { _x = -_x; _y = -_y; return this; } /** * Whether or not this vector is normalized, i.e. its length is equal to one. * 这向量正常化，即它的长度是否等于1。 * @return Boolean True if length is one, otherwise false. */ public function isNormalized():Boolean { return length == 1.0; } /** * Calculates the dot product of this vector and another given vector. * @param v2 Another Vector2D instance.* 向量的点积 * @return Number The dot product of this vector and the one passed in as a parameter. */ public function dotProd(v2:Vector2D):Number { return _x * v2.x + _y * v2.y; } /** * Calculates the cross product of this vector and another given vector. * 计算这个向量与另一个向量的差积 * @param v2 Another Vector2D instance. * @return Number The cross product of this vector and the one passed in as a parameter. */ public function crossProd(v2:Vector2D):Number { return _x * v2.y - _y * v2.x; } /** * Calculates the angle between two vectors. * 计算二个向量间的角度 * @param v1 The first Vector2D instance. * @param v2 The second Vector2D instance. * @return Number the angle between the two given vectors. */ public static function angleBetween(v1:Vector2D, v2:Vector2D):Number { if(!v1.isNormalized()) v1 = v1.clone().normalize(); if(!v2.isNormalized()) v2 = v2.clone().normalize(); return Math.acos(v1.dotProd(v2)); } /** * Determines if a given vector is to the right or left of this vector. * 确定给定向量在左边还是在右边 * @return int If to the left, returns -1. If to the right, +1. */ public function sign(v2:Vector2D):int { return perp.dotProd(v2) < 0 ? -1 : 1; } /** * Finds a vector that is perpendicular to this vector. * @return Vector2D A vector that is perpendicular to this vector. */ public function get perp():Vector2D { return new Vector2D(-y, x); } /** * Calculates the distance from this vector to another given vector. * 计算这个向量到另一个向量的距离 * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Number The distance from this vector to the vector passed as a parameter. */ public function dist(v2:Vector2D):Number { return Math.sqrt(distSQ(v2)); } /** * Calculates the distance squared from this vector to another given vector. * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Number The distance squared from this vector to the vector passed as a parameter. */ public function distSQ(v2:Vector2D):Number { var dx:Number = v2.x - x; var dy:Number = v2.y - y; return dx * dx + dy * dy; } /** * Adds a vector to this vector, creating a new Vector2D instance to hold the result. * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Vector2D A new vector containing the results of the addition. */ public function add(v2:Vector2D):Vector2D { return new Vector2D(_x + v2.x, _y + v2.y); } /** * Subtacts a vector to this vector, creating a new Vector2D instance to hold the result. * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Vector2D A new vector containing the results of the subtraction. */ public function subtract(v2:Vector2D):Vector2D { return new Vector2D(_x - v2.x, _y - v2.y); } /** * Multiplies this vector by a value, creating a new Vector2D instance to hold the result. * 向量乘以一个值，并创建一个新的Vector2D实例来保存结果。 * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Vector2D A new vector containing the results of the multiplication. */ public function multiply(value:Number):Vector2D { return new Vector2D(_x * value, _y * value); } /** * Divides this vector by a value, creating a new Vector2D instance to hold the result. * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Vector2D A new vector containing the results of the division. */ public function divide(value:Number):Vector2D { return new Vector2D(_x / value, _y / value); } /** * Indicates whether this vector and another Vector2D instance are equal in value. * 检验这个向量是否与另一个向量等价 * @param v2 A Vector2D instance. * @return Boolean True if the other vector is equal to this one, false if not. */ public function equals(v2:Vector2D):Boolean { return _x == v2.x && _y == v2.y; } /** * Sets / gets the x value of this vector.给向量赋值 */ public function set x(value:Number):void { _x = value; } public function get x():Number { return _x; } /** * Sets / gets the y value of this vector. */ public function set y(value:Number):void { _y = value; } public function get y():Number { return _y; } /** * Generates a string representation of this vector. * @return String A description of this vector. */ public function toString():String { return "[Vector2D (x:" + _x + ", y:" + _y + ")]"; } } }

 

Vehicle.as

机车运动的速度,方向等相关属性.

package com.foed { import flash.display.Sprite; /** * Base class for moving characters. */ public class Vehicle extends Sprite { protected var _edgeBehavior:String =WRAP; protected var _mass:Number = 1; //机车对象的质量 protected var _maxSpeed:Number = 10;//向量的最大速度，大于这个速度会截断 protected var _position:Vector2D;//位置向量 protected var _velocity:Vector2D;//速度向量 // potential edge behaviors // 边缘行为 public static const WRAP:String = "wrap";//包裹 public static const BOUNCE:String = "bounce";//反弹 /** * Constructor. */ public function Vehicle() { _position = new Vector2D(); _velocity = new Vector2D(); draw(); } /** * Default graphics for vehicle. Can be overridden in subclasses. */ protected function draw():void { graphics.clear(); graphics.lineStyle(0); graphics.moveTo(10, 0); graphics.lineTo(-10, 5); graphics.lineTo(-10, -5); graphics.lineTo(10, 0); } /** * Handles all basic motion. Should be called on each frame / timer interval. * 处理所有的基本的议案。应该要求每帧/计时器的时间间隔 */ public function update():void { // make sure velocity stays within max speed. _velocity.truncate(_maxSpeed); // add velocity to position _position = _position.add(_velocity); // handle any edge behavior if(_edgeBehavior == WRAP) { wrap(); } else if(_edgeBehavior == BOUNCE) { bounce(); } // update position of sprite,更新这个影片剪辑的坐标位置 x = position.x; y = position.y; /*代码等同于上面的代码，上面代码利用position函数返回_position向量 // update position of sprite,更新这个影片剪辑的坐标位置 x = _position.x; y = _position.y; */ // rotate heading to match velocity // 头的旋转方向度数 rotation = _velocity.angle * 180 / Math.PI;//_velocity.angle的值为返回一个弧度值 } /** * Causes character to bounce off edge if edge is hit. * 到边缘反弹 */ private function bounce():void { if(stage != null) { if(position.x > stage.stageWidth) { position.x = stage.stageWidth; velocity.x *= -1; } else if(position.x < 0) { position.x = 0; velocity.x *= -1; } if(position.y > stage.stageHeight) { position.y = stage.stageHeight; velocity.y *= -1; } else if(position.y < 0) { position.y = 0; velocity.y *= -1; } } } /** * Causes character to wrap around to opposite edge if edge is hit. * 环绕相反的边缘，如果被击中边 */ private function wrap():void { if(stage != null) { if(position.x > stage.stageWidth) position.x = 0; if(position.x < 0) position.x = stage.stageWidth; if(position.y > stage.stageHeight) position.y = 0; if(position.y < 0) position.y = stage.stageHeight; } } /** * Sets / gets what will happen if character hits edge. */ public function set edgeBehavior(value:String):void { _edgeBehavior = value; } public function get edgeBehavior():String { return _edgeBehavior; } /** * Sets / gets mass of character. */ public function set mass(value:Number):void { _mass = value; } public function get mass():Number { return _mass; } /** * Sets / gets maximum speed of character. */ public function set maxSpeed(value:Number):void { _maxSpeed = value; } public function get maxSpeed():Number { return _maxSpeed; } /** * Sets / gets position of character as a Vector2D. */ public function set position(value:Vector2D):void { _position = value; x = _position.x; y = _position.y; } public function get position():Vector2D { return _position; } /** * Sets / gets velocity of character as a Vector2D. */ public function set velocity(value:Vector2D):void { _velocity = value; } public function get velocity():Vector2D { return _velocity; } /** * Sets x position of character. Overrides Sprite.x to set internal Vector2D position as well. * 设置x位置的字符。覆盖Sprite.x设置内部Vector2D立场。 */ override public function set x(value:Number):void { super.x = value; _position.x = x; } /** * Sets y position of character. Overrides Sprite.y to set internal Vector2D position as well. * 设置y位置的字符。覆盖Sprite.x设置内部Vector2D立场。 */ override public function set y(value:Number):void { super.y = value; _position.y = y; } } }

 

SteeredVehicle.as

寻找,避开...........群落等各种行为

 

package com.foed { import flash.display.Sprite; public class SteeredVehicle extends Vehicle { private var _maxForce:Number = 1; //(共有参数)改变方向时的旋转力 private var _steeringForce:Vector2D; private var _arrivalThreshold:Number = 100;//(到达行为的参数)到达行为 时,小于一定距离时开始减速运动到指定点. private var _wanderAngle:Number = 0; //运动角度的随机值,不要求人工设置 private var _wanderDistance:Number = 10;//漫游机车与圆心的距离 private var _wanderRadius:Number = 5; //漫游圆心的半径 private var _wanderRange:Number = 1; //漫游的广度,范围,范围大的时向一个方向运动的持续性较长 private var _pathIndex:int = 0; //路径索引(pathIndex)相当于是数组索引，用于指向下一个航 private var _pathThreshold:Number = 20; //路径阈值(pathThreshold)相当于航点间距。 private var _avoidDistance:Number = 300; //发现障碍物的有效视野 private var _avoidBuffer:Number = 20; //机车与障碍物间的预流距离 private var _inSightDist:Number = 500; //群落中机车的视野 private var _tooCloseDist:Number = 60; //群落太接近的距离 public function SteeredVehicle() { _steeringForce = new Vector2D(); super(); } public function set maxForce(value:Number):void { _maxForce = value; } public function get maxForce():Number { return _maxForce; } public function set arriveThreshold(value:Number):void { _arrivalThreshold = value; } public function get arriveThreshold():Number { return _arrivalThreshold; } public function set wanderDistance(value:Number):void { _wanderDistance = value; } public function get wanderDistance():Number { return _wanderDistance; } public function set wanderRadius(value:Number):void { _wanderRadius = value; } public function get wanderRadius():Number { return _wanderRadius; } public function set wanderRange(value:Number):void { _wanderRange = value; } public function get wanderRange():Number { return _wanderRange; } public function set pathIndex(value:int):void { _pathIndex = value; } public function get pathIndex():int { return _pathIndex; } public function set pathThreshold(value:Number):void { _pathThreshold = value; } public function get pathThreshold():Number { return _pathThreshold; } public function set avoidDistance(value:Number):void { _avoidDistance = value; } public function get avoidDistance():Number { return _avoidDistance; } public function set avoidBuffer(value:Number):void { _avoidBuffer = value; } public function get avoidBuffer():Number { return _avoidBuffer; } public function set inSightDist(value:Number):void { _inSightDist = value; } public function get inSightDist():Number { return _inSightDist; } public function set tooCloseDist(value:Number):void { _tooCloseDist = value; } public function get tooCloseDist():Number { return _tooCloseDist; } override public function update():void { _steeringForce.truncate(_maxForce); _steeringForce = _steeringForce.divide(_mass); _velocity = _velocity.add(_steeringForce); _steeringForce = new Vector2D(); super.update(); } //寻找某点 public function seek(target:Vector2D):void { var desiredVelocity:Vector2D = target.subtract(_position); desiredVelocity.normalize(); desiredVelocity = desiredVelocity.multiply(_maxSpeed); var force:Vector2D = desiredVelocity.subtract(_velocity); _steeringForce = _steeringForce.add(force); } //避开某点 public function flee(target:Vector2D):void { var desiredVelocity:Vector2D = target.subtract(_position); desiredVelocity.normalize(); desiredVelocity = desiredVelocity.multiply(_maxSpeed); var force:Vector2D = desiredVelocity.subtract(_velocity); _steeringForce = _steeringForce.subtract(force); } //到达某点(到达时,速度减小,这是和寻找的区别:一直以较大的速度) public function arrive(target:Vector2D):void { var desiredVelocity:Vector2D = target.subtract(_position); desiredVelocity.normalize(); var dist:Number = _position.dist(target); if(dist > _arrivalThreshold) { desiredVelocity = desiredVelocity.multiply(_maxSpeed); } else { desiredVelocity = desiredVelocity.multiply(_maxSpeed * dist / _arrivalThreshold); } var force:Vector2D = desiredVelocity.subtract(_velocity); _steeringForce = _steeringForce.add(force); } //追捕对象 public function pursue(target:Vehicle):void { var lookAheadTime:Number = position.dist(target.position) / _maxSpeed; var predictedTarget:Vector2D = target.position.add(target.velocity.multiply(lookAheadTime)); seek(predictedTarget); } //躲避对象 public function evade(target:Vehicle):void { var lookAheadTime:Number = position.dist(target.position) / _maxSpeed; var predictedTarget:Vector2D = target.position.subtract(target.velocity.multiply(lookAheadTime)); flee(predictedTarget); } //漫游 public function wander():void { var center:Vector2D = velocity.clone().normalize().multiply(_wanderDistance); var offset:Vector2D = new Vector2D(0); offset.length = _wanderRadius; offset.angle = _wanderAngle; _wanderAngle += Math.random() * _wanderRange - _wanderRange * .5; var force:Vector2D = center.add(offset); _steeringForce = _steeringForce.add(force); } //避障碍物 public function avoid(circles:Array):void { for(var i:int = 0; i < circles.length; i++) { var circle:Circle = circles[i] as Circle; var heading:Vector2D = _velocity.clone().normalize(); // vector between circle and vehicle: var difference:Vector2D = circle.position.subtract(_position); var dotProd:Number = difference.dotProd(heading); // if circle is in front of vehicle... if(dotProd > 0) { // vector to represent "feeler" arm var feeler:Vector2D = heading.multiply(_avoidDistance); // project difference vector onto feeler var projection:Vector2D = heading.multiply(dotProd); // distance from circle to feeler var dist:Number = projection.subtract(difference).length; // if feeler intersects circle (plus buffer), //and projection is less than feeler length, // we will collide, so need to steer if(dist < circle.radius + _avoidBuffer && projection.length < feeler.length) { // calculate a force +/- 90 degrees from vector to circle var force:Vector2D = heading.multiply(_maxSpeed); force.angle += difference.sign(_velocity) * Math.PI / 2; // scale this force by distance to circle. // the further away, the smaller the force force = force.multiply(1.0 - projection.length / feeler.length); // add to steering force _steeringForce = _steeringForce.add(force); // braking force _velocity = _velocity.multiply(projection.length / feeler.length); } } } } //跟随机路径(数组) public function followPath(path:Array, loop:Boolean = false):void { var wayPoint:Vector2D = path[_pathIndex]; if(wayPoint == null) return; if(_position.dist(wayPoint) < _pathThreshold) { if(_pathIndex >= path.length - 1) { if(loop) { _pathIndex = 0; } } else { _pathIndex++; } } if(_pathIndex >= path.length - 1 && !loop) { arrive(wayPoint); } else { seek(wayPoint); } } //群落 public function flock(vehicles:Array):void { var averageVelocity:Vector2D = _velocity.clone(); var averagePosition:Vector2D = new Vector2D(); var inSightCount:int = 0; for(var i:int = 0; i < vehicles.length; i++) { var vehicle:Vehicle = vehicles[i] as Vehicle; if(vehicle != this && inSight(vehicle)) { averageVelocity = averageVelocity.add(vehicle.velocity); averagePosition = averagePosition.add(vehicle.position); if(tooClose(vehicle)) flee(vehicle.position); inSightCount++; } } if(inSightCount > 0) { averageVelocity = averageVelocity.divide(inSightCount); averagePosition = averagePosition.divide(inSightCount); seek(averagePosition); _steeringForce.add(averageVelocity.subtract(_velocity)); } } public function inSight(vehicle:Vehicle):Boolean { if(_position.dist(vehicle.position) > _inSightDist) return false; var heading:Vector2D = _velocity.clone().normalize(); var difference:Vector2D = vehicle.position.subtract(_position); var dotProd:Number = difference.dotProd(heading); if(dotProd < 0) return false; return true; } public function tooClose(vehicle:Vehicle):Boolean { return _position.dist(vehicle.position) < _tooCloseDist; } } }

 

其它测试代码可以到网上下载,没有作过多说明.