python安装配置常见问题总结

python 安装配置常见问题总结

1. 下载python源码包并重新编译安装
官网 https://www.python.org/ 下载python指定版本源码包,如 Python-3.9.2.tgz;
解压后编译安装，命令如下:
$ tar -zxvf Python-3.9.2.tgz
$ cd Python-3.9.2
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python39
$ make -j16
$ sudo make install
创建连接文件,当输入 python 命令时,实际调用最新安装的版本;
$ sudo ln -sf /usr/local/python39/bin/python /usr/bin/python

2. 手动安装的 python 没有 pip模块,python “No module named pip”
python 升级后导致不能使用原来的pip命令
windows平台
cmd中敲命令：python -m ensurepip
得到pip的setuptools
然后就可以用：easy_install pip
下载相应版本的pip，最后就可以愉快的用pip命令了

3. 设置pip源为清华源
[global]
timeout = 6000
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
trusted-host = pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
windows系统保存为文件 %USERPROFILE%\pip\pip.ini
linux系统保存为文件 ~/.pip/pip.conf

linux平台
官网 https://pypi.org/ 搜索并下载 pip 和 setuptools 源码包，如 pip-21.0.1.tar.gz 和 setuptools-54.0.0.zip
首先解压 setuptools-54.0.0.zip 并切换到 setuptools-54.0.0 目录下执行
$ sudo python3 setup.py install
然后解压 pip-21.0.1.tar.gz 并切换到 pip-21.0.1 目录下执行
$ sudo python3 setup.py install
对pip进行升级,执行
$ sudo python3 -m pip install pip --upgrade

常用python模块
sudo apt install python-dev python-pip python-setuptools
# tkinter
sudo apt install python-tk python3-tk
sudo apt install tkintertk-devel tk tcl tk-dev tcl-dev

# 数据分析工具
sudo python3 -m pip install numpy scipy sympy matplotlib pandas
# 网络爬虫
sudo python3 -m pip isntall scrapy beautifulsoup4 html5lib lxml
# 深度学习pytorch
sudo python3 -m pip install torch torchvision
# 微信机器人
sudo python3 -m pip install WeRoBot
# baidu开放平台接口
sudo python3 -m pip install baidu-aip
# qt界面
sudo python3 -m pip install pyqt5 pyqt5-tools
# 自然语言处理
sudo python3 -m pip install jieba snowlp
# openCV
sudo python3 -m pip install scikit-build
sudo python3 -m pip install opencv-python
sudo python3 -m pip install opencv-contrib-python

3. No module named _tkinter
File "/usr/local/python39/lib/python3.9/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 39, in <module>
    import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
ImportError: No module named _tkinter

首先需要安装 python-tk 及 python3-tk
命令
$ sudo apt install python-tk
$ sudo apt install python3-tk
然后重新安装 python

4. tcl.h: No such file or directory
重新编译安装 python 时,手动修改 Modules/Setup 放开 _tkinter 编译有关的注释,重新编译;
./Modules/_tkinter.c:70:17: fatal error: tcl.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
直接编译报错,然后修改 Modules/Setup 再注释掉 _tkinter ,重新编译;
编译成功,但是提示以下modules没有编译,包括 _tkinter;
INFO: Can't locate Tcl/Tk libs and/or headers

Python build finished, but the necessary bits to build these modules were not found:
_bsddb             _tkinter           bsddb185        
dbm                dl                 gdbm            
imageop            sunaudiodev                        
To find the necessary bits, look in setup.py in detect_modules() for the module's name.

需要安装 tcl 及 tk 模块并安装 dev 包;
命令如下
$ sudo apt install tk tcl
$ sudo apt install tk-dev tcl-dev
然后重新编译安装 python 即可

5. the necessary bits to build these modules were not found
Python build finished, but the necessary bits to build these modules were not found:
_bsddb _tkinter bsddb185
dl imageop sunaudiodev
To find the necessary bits, look in setup.py in detect_modules() for the module's name.

可以手动修改 Modules/Setup 放开对应的编译注释,然后重新编译查看报错, 针对报错各个击破;如 _tkinter;
暂时没有找到比较好的方法;

6. Cannot uninstall 'six'
ERROR: Cannot uninstall 'six'. It is a distutils installed project and thus we cannot accurately determine which files belong to it which would lead to only a partial uninstall.
解决方法:
$ sudo python3 -m pip install six --upgrade --ignore-installed six

7. ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'skbuild'
$ sudo python3 -m pip install scikit-build

8. ImportError: No module named crypto.PublicKey.RSA
需要使用pip安装 pycrypto 包，如果pip版本为3则替换为pip3
$ sudo python3 -m pip install pycrypto
注意安装crypto包不能解决问题;