杜哈梅尔(Duhamel)相似定理用于求解不均匀受热引起的热应力问题,通过将其转化为等温弹性力学问题,进而求解。
根据热应力基础概念,正应力方程可整理成以下形式:
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(1)
\begin{cases}\sigma_x=2G\varepsilon_x+\lambda e -\beta t\\[1.5ex] \sigma_y=2G\varepsilon_y+\lambda e -\beta t\\[1.5ex] \sigma_z=2G\varepsilon_y+\lambda e -\beta t \end{cases}\tag1
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧σx=2Gεx+λe−βtσy=2Gεy+λe−βtσz=2Gεy+λe−βt(1)
式(1)可以分为以下两部分:
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(2)
\begin{cases} \sigma_x=\sigma^{'}_x-\beta t\\ \sigma_y=\sigma^{'}_y-\beta t\\ \sigma_z=\sigma^{'}_z-\beta t\\ \end{cases}\tag2
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧σx=σx′−βtσy=σy′−βtσz=σz′−βt(2)
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(3)
\begin{cases}\sigma^{'}_x=2G\varepsilon_x+\lambda e \\[1.5ex] \sigma^{'}_y=2G\varepsilon_y+\lambda e \\[1.5ex] \sigma^{'}_z=2G\varepsilon_y+\lambda e \end{cases}\tag3
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧σx′=2Gεx+λeσy′=2Gεy+λeσz′=2Gεy+λe(3)
剪应力则保持不变:
{ τ x y = τ x y ′ = G γ x y = E 2 ( 1 + μ ) γ x y τ y z = τ x y ′ = G γ y z = E 2 ( 1 + μ ) γ y z τ z x = τ x y ′ = G γ z x = E 2 ( 1 + μ ) γ z x (4) \begin{cases} \tau_{xy}=\tau^{'}_{xy}=G\gamma_{xy}=\frac E{2(1+\mu)}\gamma_{xy}\\[1.5ex] \tau_{yz}=\tau^{'}_{xy}=G\gamma_{yz}=\frac E{2(1+\mu)}\gamma_{yz}\\[1.5ex] \tau_{zx}=\tau^{'}_{xy}=G\gamma_{zx}=\frac E{2(1+\mu)}\gamma_{zx} \end{cases}\tag4 ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧τxy=τxy′=Gγxy=2(1+μ)Eγxyτyz=τxy′=Gγyz=2(1+μ)Eγyzτzx=τxy′=Gγzx=2(1+μ)Eγzx(4)
当不计体积力时,即:
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(5)
\nabla\mathbf p = \left[\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial\sigma_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yx}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau_{zx}}{\partial z} \\[1.5ex] \frac{\partial\tau_{xy}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma\tau_{y}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau_{zy}}{\partial z} \\[1.5ex] \frac{\partial\tau_{xz}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yz}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\sigma_{z}}{\partial z} \end{matrix}\right]=\mathbf0 \tag{5}
∇p=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡∂x∂σx+∂y∂τyx+∂z∂τzx∂x∂τxy+∂yστy+∂z∂τzy∂x∂τxz+∂y∂τyz+∂z∂σz⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤=0(5)
将式(3)、式(4)代入式(5) 中,可得:
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(6)
\nabla\mathbf p = \left[\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial\sigma^{'}_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial\tau^{'}_{yx}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau^{'}_{zx}}{\partial z}-\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} \\[1.5ex] \frac{\partial\tau_{xy}^{'}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma\tau_{y}^{'}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau_{zy}^{'}}{\partial z}-\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} \\[1.5ex] \frac{\partial\tau^{'}_{xz}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yz}^{'}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\sigma_{z}^{'}}{\partial z}-\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} \end{matrix}\right]=\mathbf0 \tag{6}
∇p=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡∂x∂σx′+∂y∂τyx′+∂z∂τzx′−β∂x∂t∂x∂τxy′+∂yστy′+∂z∂τzy′−β∂x∂t∂x∂τxz′+∂y∂τyz′+∂z∂σz′−β∂x∂t⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤=0(6)
除了必须满足微分平衡方程外,也需要满足边界条件。当忽略表面力(即表面力为零)时:
{ β t l = σ x ′ l + τ y x ′ m + τ z x ′ n β t m = σ y ′ m + τ y x ′ n + τ z x ′ l β t n = σ z ′ n + τ y x ′ l + τ z x ′ m (7) \begin{cases} \beta t l=\sigma^{'}_{x}l+\tau^{'}_{yx}m+\tau^{'}_{zx}n \\[1.5ex] \beta t m=\sigma^{'}_{y}m+\tau^{'}_{yx}n+\tau^{'}_{zx}l \\[1.5ex] \beta t n=\sigma^{'}_{z}n+\tau^{'}_{yx}l+\tau^{'}_{zx}m \end{cases} \tag{7} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧βtl=σx′l+τyx′m+τzx′nβtm=σy′m+τyx′n+τzx′lβtn=σz′n+τyx′l+τzx′m(7)
其中,l、m、n 分别为边界表面在x、y、z方向的法向余弦。通过上式,我们不难看出:
- 在求解热应力问题时,我们可以将其等效为等温弹性问题;
- 假定体积力为:( − β ∂ t ∂ x -\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} −β∂x∂t、 − β ∂ t ∂ x -\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} −β∂x∂t、 − β ∂ t ∂ x -\beta\frac{\partial t}{\partial x} −β∂x∂t)
- 假定表面力为:( β t l \beta t l βtl、 β t m \beta t m βtm、 β t n \beta t n βtn)
- 求解该等温弹性问题下的应力 σ x ′ \sigma^{'}_x σx′、 σ y ′ \sigma^{'}_y σy′、 σ z ′ 、 τ x y ′ 、 τ y z ′ 、 τ z x ′ \sigma^{'}_z、\tau^{'}_{xy}、\tau^{'}_{yz}、\tau^{'}_{zx} σz′、τxy′、τyz′、τzx′;
- 对正应力分量 σ x ′ \sigma^{'}_x σx′、 σ y ′ \sigma^{'}_y σy′、 σ z ′ \sigma^{'}_z σz′叠加上该点的流体静压 − β t -\beta t −βt;
通过以上步骤即可得出物体不均匀受热引起的热应力。