Thread 调用 start 方法时发生了什么

Thread start 和 run 方法源码如下

    public synchronized void start() {
        /**
         * This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
         * group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
         * to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
         *
         * A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
         */
        if (threadStatus != 0)
            throw new IllegalThreadStateException();

        /* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
         * so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
         * and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
        group.add(this);

        boolean started = false;
        try {
            start0();
            started = true;
        } finally {
            try {
                if (!started) {
                    group.threadStartFailed(this);
                }
            } catch (Throwable ignore) {
                /* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
                  it will be passed up the call stack */
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        if (target != null) {
            target.run();
        }
    }

调用时

Thread thread = new Thread();
thread.start();

对应线程状态

NEW：当通过关键词 new 创建一个 Thread 对象时，线程进入 NEW 状态，这时线程的 threadState 为 0。

RUNNABLE：当调用 start 方法时，线程进入 RUNNABLE 状态，线程会被加入一个 ThreadGroup 中去，线程如果再次被调用 start 方法，会抛出 IllegalThreadStateException 异常；在这里 JVM 会执行线程的 run 方法，即被 JNI 方法 start0() 调用。

TERMINATED：如果一个线程生命周期结束，也不能回到 RUNNABLE 状态，它的生命周期已经结束，再次调用 start 方法是不允许的，在这里同样会抛出 IllegalThreadStateException 异常。

下面验证两个不同抛出 IllegalThreadStateException 异常的场景

1) start方法重复调用抛出 IllegalThreadStateException 异常

执行代码

    Thread thread = new Thread() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    };
    
    thread.start();
    thread.start();

发现抛出异常。

2) 线程生命周期结束，再次调用 start 方法抛出 IllegalThreadStateException 异常

执行代码

    Thread thread = new Thread() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    };

    thread.start();
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
    thread.start();

发现抛出异常。