Python新手学习（二）：函数

3.函数
   测试程序 test_301.py

def hello():
    print ('Howdy!')
    print ('howdy!!!')
    print ('hello there.')

hello()
hello()
hello()

  1）def 语句和参数
    测试程序 test_302.py 

def hello(name):
    print ('hello, ' + name)

hello('Alice')
hello('Bob')

  2）返回值和return语句 
    测试程序 test_303.py

import random

def getAnswer(answerNumber):
    if answerNumber == 1:
        return 'It is certain'
    elif answerNumber == 2:
        return 'It is decidedly so'
    elif answerNumber == 3:
        return 'Yes'
    elif answerNumber == 4:
        return 'Reply hazy try again'
    elif answerNumber == 5:
        return 'Ask again later'
    elif answerNumber == 6:
        return 'Concentrate and ask again'
    elif answerNumber == 7:
        return 'My reply is no'
    elif answerNumber == 8:
        return 'Outlook not so good'
    elif answerNumber == 9:
        return 'Very doubtful'
    
#r = random.randint(1,9)
#fortune = getAnswer(r)
#print(str(r) +':::' + fortune )

print(getAnswer(random.randint(1,9)))
print("hello",end=' ')
print("World")

print('cats','dogs','mice')
print('cats','dogs','mice',sep=',')    

  3）None值
  4）关键字参数
    顺序参数和关键字参数。关键字参数，用于“可选变元“。
  5）调用栈
    函数调用过程是层层嵌套的。
    测试程序test_304.py

def a():
    print('a() starts')
    b()
    c()
    print('a() returns')

def b():
    print('b() starts')
    c()
    print('b() returns')

def c():
    print('c() starts')
    print('c() returns')

def d():
    print('d() starts')
    print('d() returns')

a()

  6）局部和全局作用域
    变量和变元所作用的区域。
    函数内定义的在局部作用域，称为局部变量。
    处于全局定义的称为全局变量。
    局部变量不能在全局作用域中使用，也不能在其它局部作用域中使用。
    全局变量可以在局部作用域中使用。
    名称相同的局部变量和全局变量
    测试程序 test_305.py

def spam():
    eggs = 'spam local'
    print(eggs)    # prints 'spam local'

def bacon():
    eggs = 'bacon local'
    print(eggs)     # prints 'bacon local'
    spam()
    print(eggs)     # prints 'bacon local'

eggs = 'global'
bacon()
print(eggs)

  7）global语句
    在函数内要使用全局变量，要用global语句进行申明。
    测试程序 test_306.py

def spam():
    global eggs
    eggs = 'spam'   # this is the global

def bacon():
    eggs = 'bacon'  # this is a local

def ham():
    print(eggs)     # this is a global

eggs = 42
print('fore:' + str(eggs))
spam()
print('end:' + eggs)

  8）异常处理
    try …… except 
    测试程序  test_307.py

def spam(divideBy):
#    try:
        return 42 / divideBy
#    except ZeroDivisionError:
#        print('Error : Invalid argument.')

try:
    print(spam(2))
    print(spam(12))
    print(spam(0))
    print(spam(1))
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print('Error : Invalid argument.')

  9）小程序Zigzag
    测试程序 test_308.py

import time,sys
indent =0       #how many spaces to indent.
indentIncreasing = True #Whether the indentation is increasing or not.

try:
    while True:     # The main program loop.
        print('  ' * indent, end = '')
        print('********')
        time.sleep(0.1)     #Pause for 1/10 of a second.

        if indentIncreasing:
            # Increase the number of spaces:
            indent  = indent + 1
            if indent == 20:
                #Change direction:
                indentIncreasing = False
        else:
            # Decrease the number of spaces:
            indent = indent - 1
            if indent == 0:
                #Change direction:
                indentIncreasing = True
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    sys.exit()

  10）作业collatz
    测试程序 test_309.py

import sys

def collatz(numb):
    if numb % 2 == 0:
        return numb // 2
    else :
        return 3 * numb + 1
    
print('Enter number:' , end='')
numst = input()
try:
    num = int(numst)
except ValueError:
    print('please input int argument.')
    sys.exit()

while num != 1:
    num = collatz(num)
    print(num)