条件、循环、推导

布尔条件

用作布尔表达式时，下面的值都将被解释器视为假：False None 0 "" () [] {}

True和False不过是0和1的别名，虽然看起来不同，但作用是相同的。

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比较运算符
表达式	描 述
x == y	x 等于y
x < y	x小于y
x > y	x大于y
x >= y	x大于或等于y
x <= y	x小于或等于y
x != y	x不等于y
x is y	x和y是同一个对象
x is not y	x和y是不同的对象
x in y	x是容器（如序列）y的成员
x not in y	x不是容器（如序列）y的成员

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字符串和序列的比较

print('e:{}'.format(ord('e')))
print('F:{}'.format(ord('F')))
print('f:{}'.format(ord('f')))
# output: e:101
# output: F:70
# output: f:102

print('efg' > 'fgh')
# output: False

print('efg' > 'egh')
# output: False

print('efg' > 'd')
# output: True

print('efg' > 'Fgh')
# output: True

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if、else、elif

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# if boolCondition:
#       action

if 2>1:
    print(True)
if 2 < 1:
    print(False)
# output: True

# if boolCondition:
#       action1
# else:
#       action2

a = 2
if a > 1:
    print('a={0}:True'.format(a))
else:
    print('a={0}:False'.format(a))
# output: a=2:True
# output: a=1:False

a = 5   # (2\4\5)
if a == 1:
    print('a={0}:action1'.format(a))
elif a == 2:
    print('a={0}:action2'.format(a))
elif a == 3:
    print('a={0}:action3'.format(a))
elif a == 4:
    print('a={0}:action4'.format(a))
else:
    print('a={0}:action5'.format(a))
# output: a=2:action2
# output: a=4:action4
# output: a=5:action5

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链式比较

a = 2  # (2\5)
if 1 < a < 4:
    print('a={0}:action1'.format(a))
else:
    print('a={0}:action2'.format(a))
# output: a=2:action1
# output: a=5:action2

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断言assert

在程序中添加assert语句充当检查点。

assert 语句是在程序中插入调试性断言的简便方式:

assert_stmt ::=  "assert" expression ["," expression]

简单形式 assert expression 等价于

if __debug__:
    if not expression: raise AssertionError

扩展形式 assert expression1, expression2 等价于

if __debug__:
    if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)

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a = -1
assert a > 0
# output: Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "E:\PyCode\Python_Study\LsitDemo.py", line 2, in <module>
#     assert a > 0
# AssertionError
assert a > 0, 'a为负数'
# output: Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "E:\PyCode\Python_Study\LsitDemo.py", line 7, in <module>
#     assert a > 0, 'a为负数'
# AssertionError: a为负数

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While循环

# while condition:
#     action
a = 0
while a < 10:
    a += 1
print(a)
# output: 10

# while condition:
#     action with break
a = 2  # (-2,2)
while a < 10:
    if a < 0:
        print('into break')
        break
    else:
        a += 1
else:
    print('into else')
print(a)

# output: into break
# output: -2

# output: into else
# output: 10

# while condition:
#     action with continue
# else:
#     action
a = -2
while a < 10:
    if a < 0:
        a += 1
        print('into continue')
        continue
    else:
        a += 100
else:
    print('into else')
print(a)

# output: into continue
# output: into continue
# output: into else
# output: 100

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For循环

只要能够使用for循环，就不要使用while循环。

for num in list(range(5)):
    print(num)
# output: 0
# output: 1
# output: 2
# output: 3
# output: 4

for num1 in list(range(5)):
    if num1 not in [x for x in list(range(1,4))]:
        print(num1)
# output: 0
# output: 4​

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迭代字典

dict1 = {'name': 'python', 'vision': '310'}
for k in dict1:
    print('{0}:{1}'.format(k, dict1[k]))
# output: name:python
# output: vision:310

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并行迭代

names = ['pin', 'coco', 'jeff']
heights = [148, 123, 168]
for k in range(len(names)):
    print('name:{0},height:{1}'.format(names[k], heights[k]))
# output: name:pin,height:148
# output: name:coco,height:123
# output: name:jeff,height:168

for name, height in zip(names, heights):
    print('name:{0},height:{1}'.format(name, height))
# output: name:pin,height:148
# output: name:coco,height:123
# output: name:jeff,height:168

print(list(zip(zip(names, heights))))
# output: [(('pin', 148),), (('coco', 123),), (('jeff', 168),)]

strings = 'python'
heights = [148, 123, 168]

for i, j in enumerate(strings):
    print('name:{0},height:{1}'.format(i, j))
# output: name:0,height:p
# output: name:1,height:y
# output: name:2,height:t
# output: name:3,height:h
# output: name:4,height:o
# output: name:5,height:n

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顺序迭代和反向迭代

list1 = [1, 3, 2]

for i in sorted(list1):
    print(i)
# output: 1
# output: 2
# output: 3

for i in sorted(list1, reverse=True):
    print(i)
# output: 3
# output: 2
# output: 1

list2 = list('bca')
for i in sorted(list2, key=str.upper):
    print(i)
# output: a
# output: b
# output: c

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推导

使用圆括号代替方括号并不能实现元组推导，而是将创建生成器。可使用花括号来执行字典推导。

print([x for x in range(10)])
# output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

print([x ** 2 for x in range(10) if x < 5])
# output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

print([(x, y) for x in range(0, 3) for y in range(4, 7)])
# output: [(0, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)]

dict1 = {'{0}:{1}'.format(i, i ** 2) for i in range(3)}
print(dict1)
# output: {'2:4', '0:0', '1:1'}

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match

匹配语句用于进行模式匹配。语法如下

match_stmt   ::=  'match' subject_expr ":" NEWLINE INDENT case_block+ DEDENT
subject_expr ::=  star_named_expression "," star_named_expressions?
                  | named_expression
case_block   ::=  'case' patterns [guard] ":" block

模式匹配接受一个模式作为输入（跟在 case 后），一个主词值（跟在 match 后）。该模式（可能包含子模式）与主题值进行匹配。输出是：

• 匹配成功或失败（也被称为模式成功或失败）。

• 可能将匹配的值绑定到一个名字上。 这方面的先决条件将在下面进一步讨论。

单匹配（匹配特定值）

while 1:
    inputNum = int(input("please input a number 1:5\n"))
    match inputNum:
        case 1:
            print('the number is 1')
        case 2:
            print('the number is 2')
        case 3:
            print('the number is 3')
        case 4:
            print('the number is 4')
        case 5:
            print('the number is 5')
# input: 1
# output: the number is 1
# input: 4
# output: the number is 4

command = input("What are you doing next? ")
match command.split():
    case ["quit"]:
        print("quit game")
    case ["pause"]:
        print("pause game")
    case ["kill", obj]:     # kill player
        print("kill the", str(obj))
    case ["go", direction]:
        print("go ", str(direction))

# input: quit
# output: quit game
# input: kill player1
# output: kill the player1
# input: go east
# output: go  east

或模式

while 1:
    inputNum = int(input("please input a number 1:5\n"))
    match inputNum:
        case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5:
            print('the number is between 1 and 5')
# input: 1
# output: the number is between 1 and 5
# input: 4
# output: the number is between 1 and 5

匹配多个值

command = input("What are you doing next? ")
match command.split():
    case ["kill", *objs]:  # kill players
        for obj in objs:
            print('kill the ', obj)

# input: kill player1 player2 player3 player4
# output: kill the  player1
# output: kill the  player2
# output: kill the  player3
# output: kill the  player4

通配符

这种写入_（并称为通配符）的特殊模式始终匹配，但它不绑定任何变量。

请注意，这将匹配任何对象，而不仅仅是序列。

command = input("What are you doing next? ")
match command.split():
    case ["quit"]:
        print("quit game")
    case ["kill", obj]:     # kill player
        print("kill the", str(obj))
    case _:
        print("do nothing")

# input: quit
# output: quit game
# input: kill player1
# output: kill the player1
# input: go east
# output: do nothing

匹配的子模式

command = input("What are you doing next? ")
match command.split():
    case ["quit"]:
        print("quit game")
    case ["go", ("north" | "south" | "east" | "west") as direction]:
        print("go ", str(direction))
    case _:
        print("do nothing")

# input: quit
# output: quit game
# input: go east
# output: go  east
# input: go home
# output: do nothing

像匹配添加条件

command = input("What are you doing next? ")
directionList = ["gop", "south"]
match command.split():
    case ["quit"]:
        print("quit game")
    case ["go", direction] if direction in directionList:
        print("go ", str(direction))
    case _:
        print("do nothing")

# input: quit
# output: quit game
# input: go east
# output: do nothing
# input: go north
# output: go  north

这里就不详细介绍了，可以查看官网更多介绍：

PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial | peps.python.org

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