NLTK学习（一）

Python简单入门 

交互式开发环境（IDLE）

Windows下在开始菜单应用程序那里可以找到，而Unix在shell下输入idle即可运行。我选择的是Sublime Text的代码编辑器，下载安装插件SublimeREPL，下载完之后，在【Tool】【SublimeREPL】【Python】【Python】启动交互式开发环境

>>> 1+5*2-3
8
>>> 1/3
0
>>> 1.0/3
0.3333333333333333
>>> from __future__ import division 
>>> 1/3
0.3333333333333333
>>> 1+
  File "<stdin>", line 1
    1+
     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

需要注意的是 from __future__ import division 可以获得我们平时期望的除法。SyntaxError表示产生了一个语法错误。

NLTK入门

在Windows下可以直接在cmd下运行下面的代码。

pip install nltk
python
>>> import nltk
>>> nltk.download()

然后选择下载NLTK的图书合集，提示：u"panlex_lite"的这个包大概有2个多G，下起来比较慢。

下载成功后，执行

>>> from nltk.book import *
*** Introductory Examples for the NLTK Book ***
Loading text1, ..., text9 and sent1, ..., sent9
Type the name of the text or sentence to view it.
Type: 'texts()' or 'sents()' to list the materials.
text1: Moby Dick by Herman Melville 1851
text2: Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen 1811
text3: The Book of Genesis
text4: Inaugural Address Corpus
text5: Chat Corpus
text6: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
text7: Wall Street Journal
text8: Personals Corpus
text9: The Man Who Was Thursday by G . K . Chesterton 1908

然后输入

>>> text1
<Text: Moby Dick by Herman Melville 1851>

或者输入

>>> texts()
text1: Moby Dick by Herman Melville 1851
text2: Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen 1811
text3: The Book of Genesis
text4: Inaugural Address Corpus
text5: Chat Corpus
text6: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
text7: Wall Street Journal
text8: Personals Corpus
text9: The Man Who Was Thursday by G . K . Chesterton 1908

现在我们可以用Python和这些数据了

>>> text1.concordance("monstrous")
Displaying 11 of 11 matches:
ong the former , one was of a most monstrous size . ... This came towards us , 
ON OF THE PSALMS . " Touching that monstrous bulk of the whale or ork we have r
ll over with a heathenish array of monstrous clubs and spears . Some were thick
d as you gazed , and wondered what monstrous cannibal and savage could ever hav
that has survived the flood ; most monstrous and most mountainous ! That Himmal
they might scout at Moby Dick as a monstrous fable , or still worse and more de
th of Radney .'" CHAPTER 55 Of the Monstrous Pictures of Whales . I shall ere l
ing Scenes . In connexion with the monstrous pictures of whales , I am strongly
ere to enter upon those still more monstrous stories of them which are to be fo
ght have been rummaged out of this monstrous cabinet there is no telling . But 
of Whale - Bones ; for Whales of a monstrous size are oftentimes cast up dead u

比如：

>>> text2.concordance("affection")
Displaying 25 of 79 matches:
, however , and , as a mark of his affection for the three girls , he left them
t . It was very well known that no affection was ever supposed to exist between
deration of politeness or maternal affection on the side of the former , the tw
d the suspicion -- the hope of his affection for me may warrant , without impru
hich forbade the indulgence of his affection . She knew that his mother neither
rd she gave one with still greater affection . Though her late conversation wit
 can never hope to feel or inspire affection again , and if her home be uncomfo
m of the sense , elegance , mutual affection , and domestic comfort of the fami
, and which recommended him to her affection beyond every thing else . His soci
ween the parties might forward the affection of Mr . Willoughby , an equally st
 the most pointed assurance of her affection . Elinor could not be surprised at
he natural consequence of a strong affection in a young and ardent mind . This 
 opinion . But by an appeal to her affection for her mother , by representing t
 every alteration of a place which affection had established as perfect with hi
e will always have one claim of my affection , which no other can possibly shar
f the evening declared at once his affection and happiness . " Shall we see you
ause he took leave of us with less affection than his usual behaviour has shewn
ness ." " I want no proof of their affection ," said Elinor ; " but of their en
onths , without telling her of his affection ;-- that they should part without 
ould be the natural result of your affection for her . She used to be all unres
distinguished Elinor by no mark of affection . Marianne saw and listened with i
th no inclination for expense , no affection for strangers , no profession , an
till distinguished her by the same affection which once she had felt no doubt o
al of her confidence in Edward ' s affection , to the remembrance of every mark
 was made ? Had he never owned his affection to yourself ?" " Oh , no ; but if 
>>> text3.concordance("lived")
Displaying 25 of 38 matches:
ay when they were created . And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years , and be
ughters : And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty yea and
nd thirty yea and he died . And Seth lived an hundred and five years , and bega
ve years , and begat Enos : And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred an
welve years : and he died . And Enos lived ninety years , and begat Cainan : An
 years , and begat Cainan : And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred 
ive years : and he died . And Cainan lived seventy years and begat Mahalaleel :
rs and begat Mahalaleel : And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hund
years : and he died . And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years , and begat Jar
s , and begat Jared : And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred a
and five yea and he died . And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years , and
o years , and he begat Eno And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred y
 and two yea and he died . And Enoch lived sixty and five years , and begat Met
 ; for God took him . And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years , 
 , and begat Lamech . And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred 
nd nine yea and he died . And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years , an
ch the LORD hath cursed . And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred nin
naan shall be his servant . And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fi
xad two years after the flo And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred
at sons and daughters . And Arphaxad lived five and thirty years , and begat Sa
ars , and begat Salah : And Arphaxad lived after he begat Salah four hundred an
begat sons and daughters . And Salah lived thirty years , and begat Eber : And 
y years , and begat Eber : And Salah lived after he begat Eber four hundred and
 begat sons and daughters . And Eber lived four and thirty years , and begat Pe
y years , and begat Peleg : And Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred an

等等。

查找出现位置相似的词，比如：monstrous 出现在the __ pictures 和 the __ size 的相似上下文中，即

>>> text1.similar("monstrous")
imperial subtly impalpable pitiable curious abundant perilous
trustworthy untoward singular lamentable few determined maddens
horrible tyrannical lazy mystifying christian exasperate
>>> text1.similar(u"你好")
No matches