第20条：类层次优于标签类

标签类代码，一看便知何为标签类。

// Tagged class - vastly inferior to a class hierarchy!
class Figure {
    enum Shape { RECTANGLE, CIRCLE };

    // Tag field - the shape of this figure
    final Shape shape;

    // These fields are used only if shape is RECTANGLE
    double length;
    double width;

    // This field is used only if shape is CIRCLE
    double radius;

    // Constructor for circle
    Figure(double radius) {
        shape = Shape.CIRCLE;
        this.radius = radius;
    }

    // Constructor for rectangle
    Figure(double length, double width) {
        shape = Shape.RECTANGLE;
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }

    double area() {
        switch(shape) {
          case RECTANGLE:
            return length * width;
          case CIRCLE:
            return Math.PI * (radius * radius);
          default:
            throw new AssertionError();
        }
    }
}

代码中Shape shape就定义了一个枚举类型的标签，用于表示Figure类属于那种形状。

标签类缺点：对于同一种形状的对象来说，Figure类的代码中就存在冗余的代码。如：构造器的冗余，area()方法的冗余。

很显然类层次就优秀很多，就不在赘述了。。。。