python学习~元类

元类是类的模版，在类的层次上规范类的行为。
下面使用元类实现单例设计模式（设计模式九 采用的是另一种方式）：

from  warnings import *           

class SingletonMeta(type): 
    
    __instance=None
    __mutex=threading.Lock()    
    def __init__(cls,name,bases,dic): 
        super(SingletonMeta,cls).__init__(name,bases,dic) 
        cls.__instance = None 
        
        if '__str__' not in dic :
            #raise TypeError("class requires overriding of __str__()")
            warn("class '%s ' requires overriding of __str__()\n"%name,stacklevel=3)
        
    def __call__(cls,*args,**kwargs): 
        if cls.__instance is None: 
            cls.__mutex.acquire()
            if cls.__instance is None: 
                cls.__instance = super(SingletonMeta,cls).__call__(*args,**kwargs) 
            else:
                cls.__instance.__init__(*args,**kwargs)
            cls.__mutex.release()
        else:
            cls.__instance.__init__(*args,**kwargs)
        return cls.__instance 
    



class Single(object):
    __metaclass__ = SingletonMeta
    def __init__(self,name):
        print(name)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__

#客户端   


if(__name__=="__main__"):
    singleton1=Single("hello")
    singleton2=Single("world")    
    if singleton1 is singleton2:
        print("they are the same object  of class '%s'"%singleton1)    
       

运行结果：

hello
world
they are the same object  of class 'Single'