python数据结构学习笔记-1

 笔记是我看《Data Structures & Algorithms》一书的记录，包括书上内容的摘抄、书上的示例源代码和自己做的习题源代码。重新学习的主要目的就是系统复习一下python基础知识、常用数据结构和算法，把它们整理到一起便于自己查找。

一、  Python编程基础

1.笔记

1.1 python内置的类

类型	描述	immutable
bool	Boolean value	是
int	integer (arbitrary magnitude)	是
float	floating-point number	是
list	mutable sequence of objects	否
tuple	immutable sequence of objects	是
str	character string	是
set	unordered set of distinct objects	否
frozenset	immutable form of set class	是
dict	associative mapping	否

1.2操作符优先顺序

	type	symbols
1	member access	expr.member
2	function/method calls container subscripts/slices	expr(...) expr[...]
3	exponentiation	**
4	unary operators	+expr, −expr,  ̃expr
5	multiplication, division	*, /, //, %
6	addition, subtraction	+, −
7	bitwise shifting	<<, >>
8	bitwise-and	&
9	bitwise-xor	ˆ
10	bitwise-or	|
11	comparisons containment	is, is not, ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= in, not in
12	logical-not	not expr
13	logical-and	and
14	logical-or	or
15	conditional	val1 if cond else val2
16	assignments	=, +=, −=, =, etc.

1.3常用内置函数

	Calling Syntax	Description
1	abs(x)	Return the absolute value of a number.
2	all(iterable)	Return True if bool(e) is True for each element e.
3	any(iterable)	Return True if bool(e) is True for at least one element e.
4	chr(integer)	Return a one-character string with the given Unicode code point.
5	divmod(x, y)	Return (x // y, x % y) as tuple, if x and y are integers.
6	hash(obj)	Return an integer hash value for the object (see Chapter 10).
7	id(obj)	Return the unique integer serving as an “identity” for the object.
8	input(prompt)	Return a string from standard input; the prompt is optional.
9	isinstance(obj, cls)	Determine if obj is an instance of the class (or a subclass).
10	iter(iterable)	Return a new iterator object for the parameter (see Section 1.8).
11	len(iterable)	Return the number of elements in the given iteration.
12	map(f, iter1, iter2, ...)	Return an iterator yielding the result of function calls f(e1, e2, ...) for respective elements e1 ∈ iter1, e2 ∈ iter2, ...
13	max(iterable)	Return the largest element of the given iteration.
14	max(a, b, c, ...)	Return the largest of the arguments.
15	min(iterable)	Return the smallest element of the given iteration.
16	min(a, b, c, ...)	Return the smallest of the arguments.
17	next(iterator)	Return the next element reported by the iterator (see Section 1.8).
18	open(filename, mode)	Open a file with the given name and access mode.
19	ord(char)	Open a file with the given name and access mode.
20	pow(x, y)	Return the value x y (as an integer if x and y are integers); equivalent to x**y.
21	pow(x, y, z)	Return the value (x y mod z) as an integer.
22	print(obj1, obj2, ...)	Print the arguments, with separating spaces and trailing newline.
23	range(stop)	Construct an iteration of values 0, 1, . . . , stop − 1.
24	range(start, stop)	Construct an iteration of values start, start + 1, . . . , stop − 1.
25	range(start, stop, step)	Construct an iteration of values start, start + step, start + 2 step, . . .
26	reversed(sequence)	Return an iteration of the sequence in reverse.
27	round(x)	Return the nearest int value (a tie is broken toward the even value).
28	round(x, k)	Return the value rounded to the nearest 10 − k (return-type matches x).
29	sorted(iterable)	Return a list containing elements of the iterable in sorted order.
30	sum(iterable)	Return the sum of the elements in the iterable (must be numeric).
31	type(obj)	Return the class to which the instance obj belongs.

1.4简单输入输出

通过input和print来实现与控制台交互，如果是整数或实数，输入的字符串用 int或float等转换，示例代码

#简单输入输出
age = int(input('Enter your age in years: '))
max_heart_rate = 206.9 - (0.67*age) # as per Med Sci Sports Exerc.
target = 0.65 * max_heart_rate
print('Your target fat-burning heart rate is ', target)

输出

Enter your age in years: 42
('Your target fat-burning heart rate is ', 116.194)

文件输入输出

用内置命令open打开文件，如 fp = open('sample.txt')，关闭文件则用fp.close()。文件常用的操作如下：

fp.read()

fp.read(k)

fp.readline()

fp.readlines()

for line in fp

fp.seek(k)

fp.tell()

fp.write(string)

fp.writelines(seq)

print(...,file=fp) 重定向

1.5 异常处理

	class	Description
1	Exception	A base class for most error types
2	AttributeError	Raised by syntax obj.foo, if obj has no member named foo
3	EOFError	Raised if “end of file” reached for console or file input
4	IOError	Raised upon failure of I/O operation (e.g., opening file)
5	IndexError	Raised if index to sequence is out of bounds
6	KeyError	Raised if nonexistent key requested for set or dictionary
7	KeyboardInterrupt	Raised if user types ctrl-C while program is executing
8	NameError	Raised if nonexistent identifier used
9	StopIteration	Raised by next(iterator) if no element; see Section 1.8
10	TypeError	Raised when wrong type of parameter is sent to a function
11	ValueError	Raised when parameter has invalid value (e.g., sqrt(−5))
12	ZeroDivisionError	Raised when any division operator used with 0 as divisor

抛出异常、捕获异常示例

raise ValueError('x cannot be negative')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-4edb40978c90> in <module>()
----> 1 raise ValueError('x cannot be negative')

ValueError: x cannot be negative



x = 20
y = 0
try:
    ratio = x / y
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print 'y cannot be 0'


y cannot be 0

1.6 一些简便写法

expr1 if condition else expr2

if n >= 0:
    param = n
else:
    param = −n
result = foo(param)
# call the function

param = n if n >= 0 else −n
result = foo(param)
# pick the appropriate value
# call the function

result = foo(n if n >= 0 else −n)

[ expression for value in iterable if condition ]

result = [ ]
for value in iterable:
    if condition:
        result.append(expression)

squares = [ ]
for k in range(1, n+1):
    squares.append(k k)

squares = [k k for k in range(1, n+1)]
factors = [k for k in range(1,n+1) if n % k == 0]

[ k k for k in range(1, n+1) ]        #list comprehension
{ k k for k in range(1, n+1) }       #set comprehension
( k k for k in range(1, n+1) )       #generator comprehension
{ k : k k for k in range(1, n+1) }  #dictionary comprehension

二、面向对象编程

2.1类定义

     类定义包括member function 和 attribbutes(fields, instance variable, data members)。class关键字、self标识符、以_开头相当于protected、以__开头表相当于private、__init__。示例源代码

class CreditCard:
    """A consumer credit card."""
    
    def __init__ (self, customer, bank, acnt, limit):
        """Create a new credit card instance.
        The initial balance is zero.
        
        customer the name of the customer (e.g., John Bowman )
        bank         the name of the bank (e.g., California Savings )
        acnt          the acount identifier (e.g., 5391 0375 9387 5309 )
        limit         credit limit (measured in dollars)
       """
        
        self._customer = customer
        self._bank = bank
        self._account = acnt
        self._limit = limit
        self._balance = 0
        
    def get_customer(self):
        """Return name of the customer."""
        return self._customer
    
    def get_bank(self):
        """Return the bank s name."""
        return self._bank
    
    def get_account(self):
        """Return the card identifying number (typically stored as a string)."""
        return self._account    
    
    def get_limit(self):
        """Return current credit limit."""
        return self._limit
    
    def get_balance(self):
        """Return current balance."""
        return self._balance
    
    def charge(self, price):
        """Charge given price to the card, assuming sufficient credit limit.
        Return True if charge was processed; False if charge was denied.
        """
        if price + self._balance > self._limit:             # if charge would exceed limit,
            return False                                             # cannot accept charge        
        else:
            self._balance += price
            return True
    
    def make_payment(self, amount):
        """Process customer payment that reduces balance."""
        self._balance -= amount

if __name__ == '__main__' :
    wallet = [ ]
    wallet.append(CreditCard( 'John Bowman ', 'California Savings' ,
                             '5391 0375 9387 5309' , 2500) )
    wallet.append(CreditCard('John Bowman' , 'California Federal' ,
                             '3485 0399 3395 1954' , 3500) )
    wallet.append(CreditCard( 'John Bowman' , 'California Finance' ,
                             '5391 0375 9387 5309' , 5000) )
    
    for val in range(1, 17):
        wallet[0].charge(val)
        wallet[1].charge(2*val)
        wallet[2].charge(3*val)
    
    for c in range(3):
        print(' Customer = ', wallet[c].get_customer( ))
        print(' Bank = ', wallet[c].get_bank( ))
        print(' Account = ', wallet[c].get_account( ))
        print(' Limit = ', wallet[c].get_limit( ))
        print(' Balance = ', wallet[c].get_balance( ))
        while wallet[c].get_balance( ) > 100:
            wallet[c].make_payment(100)
            print(' New balance = ', wallet[c].get_balance( ))
        print 
    

操作符重载是通过重载特定的函数实现的，比如 + 对应 __add__ 

2.2 继承

添加新的属性、覆盖父类的方法、调用父类的方法

class PredatoryCreditCard(CreditCard):
    """An extension to CreditCard that compounds interest and fees."""
    
    def __init__(self, customer, bank, acnt, limit, apr):
        """Create a new predatory credit card instance.
        The initial balance is zero.
        
        customer the name of the customer (e.g., John Bowman )
        bank         the name of the bank (e.g., California Savings )
        acnt          the acount identifier (e.g., 5391 0375 9387 5309 )
        limit         credit limit (measured in dollars)
        apr           annual percentage rate (e.g., 0.0825 for 8.25% APR)
        """
        
        CreditCard.__init__(self,customer, bank, acnt, limit)      # call super constructor
        self._apr = apr
        
    def charge(self, price):
        """Charge given price to the card, assuming sufficient credit limit.
        Return True if charge was processed.
        Return False and assess 5 fee if charge is denied.
        """
        success = CreditCard.charge(self, price)   # call inherited method
        if not success:
            self._balance += 5                     # assess penalty
            return success                        # caller expects return value       
    
    def process_month(self):
        """Assess monthly interest on outstanding balance."""
        if self._balance > 0:
            # if positive balance, convert APR to monthly multiplicative factor
            monthly_factor = pow(1 + self._apr, 1/12)
            self._balance = monthly_factor

三、算法复杂度