基于sklearn.manifold的 T-SNE 的简单使用（介绍关系数据和图像数据）+ matplotlib的简单使用

0. 写作目的

好记性不如烂笔头。

1. 针对关系数据（表格类型）的使用

1.1 将关系数据降维二维

dataNumpy为numpy.array类型的数据。详细见参考[1].

from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
import numpy as np


## this parameters are default parameters
## data_tsne is:  array, shape (n_samples, n_components)
             #     Embedding of the training data in low-dimensional space.

data_tsne = TSNE(n_components=2, perplexity=30.0, early_exaggeration=12.0, learning_rate=200.0, n_iter=1000, n_iter_without_progress=300, min_grad_norm=1e-07, metric=’euclidean’, init=’random’, verbose=0, random_state=None, method=’barnes_hut’, angle=0.5).fit_transform( dataNumpy )

各参数的意义参考官方给出的解释：

重要的参数：

n_components : int, optional (default: 2)

               Dimension of the embedded space.

perplexity : float, optional (default: 30)

            The perplexity is related to the number of nearest neighbors that is used in 
            other manifold learning algorithms. Larger datasets usually require a larger 
            perplexity. Consider selecting a value between 5 and 50. The choice is not 
            extremely critical since t-SNE is quite insensitive to this parameter.

n_iter : int, optional (default: 1000)

         Maximum number of iterations for the optimization. Should be at least 250.

learning_rate : float, optional (default: 200.0)

                The learning rate for t-SNE is usually in the range [10.0, 1000.0]. If 
                the learning rate is too high, the data may look like a ‘ball’ with any 
                point approximately equidistant from its nearest neighbours. If the 
                learning rate is too low, most points may l