Udev 用户空间设备管理

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已于 2022-03-18 23:49:49 修改

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分类专栏： linux 文章标签： linux

于 2022-03-18 23:48:15 首次发布

原文链接：https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/udev.7.html

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Udev 用户空间设备管理

一、Udev的概念
- 1.1 Udev的特点
二、 Udev 的man Page翻译-ubuntu 20.04
三、udev 相关工具

一、Udev的概念

U：User space 用户空间，dev：Devices 设备
Linux在对设备文件这块，改变了几次策略。早期，设备文件仅仅是是一些带有适当的属性集的普通文件，它由mknod命令创建，文件存放在/dev目录下。后来，采用了devfs, 一个基于内核的动态设备文件系统，他首次出现在2.3.46内核中。devfs创建的设备文件是动态的。但是devfs有一些严重的限制，从2.6.13版本后移走了。目前取代他的便是文本要提到的udev。

在此之前的设备文件管理方法(静态文件和devfs)有几个缺点：

不确定的设备映射。特别是那些动态设备，比如USB设备，设备文件到实际设备的映射并不可靠和确定。举一个例子：如果你有两个USB打印机。一个可能称
为/dev/usb/lp0,另外一个便是/dev/usb/lp1。但是到底哪个是哪个并不清楚，lp0,lp1和实际的设备没有一一对应的关系，因为他可能因为发现设备的顺序，打印机本身关闭等原因而导致这种映射并不确定。理想的方式应该是：两个打印机应该采用基于他们的序列号或者其他标识信息的唯一设备文件来映射。但是静态文件和devfs都无法做到这点。
没有足够的主/辅设备号。我们知道，每一个设备文件是有两个8位的数字：一个是主设备号，另外一个是辅设备号来分配的。这两个8位的数字加上设备类型(块设备或者字符设备)来唯一标识一个设备。不幸的是，关联这些身边的数字并不足够。
/dev目录下文件太多。一个系统采用静态设备文件关联的方式，那么这个目录下的文件必然是足够多。而同时你又不知道在你的系统上到底有那些设备文件是激活的。
命名不够灵活。尽管devfs解决了以前的一些问题，但是它自身又带来了一些问题。其中一个就是命名不够灵活；你别想非常简单的就能修改设备文件的名字。缺省的devfs命令机制本身也很奇怪，他需要修改大量的配置文件和程序。
内核内存使用，devfs特有的另外一个问题是，作为内核驱动模块，devfs需要消耗大量的内存，特别当系统上有大量的设备时(比如上面我们提到的系统一个上有好几千磁盘时)

udev的目标是想解决上面提到的这些问题，他通采用用户空间(user-space)工具来管理/dev/目录树，他和文件系统分开。知道如何改变缺省配置能让你之大如何定制自己的系统，比如创建设备字符连接，改变设备文件属组，权限等。

原文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/sopost/archive/2013/01/09/2853200.html

这里可能涉及到devfs 和 sysfs的区别，
理解devfs、sysfs、udev、tmpfs

1.1 Udev的特点

udev与硬件平台无关，属于用户空间的进程，是一个后台程序，它脱离驱动层的关联，而建立在操作系统之上，只要修改配置文件使之生效，无需重启操作系统，它需要sysfs的支持，当底层设备发生插拔的时候，底层驱动通过netlink发送事件(uevent)给udev后台程序，udev监听这些事件，并在上层做相应的设备节点的创建，命名，权限控制等。

它有以下优点：

动态管理:当设备添加/删除时，udev的守护进程侦听到来自内核的uevent，以此添加或者删除/dev下的设备文件，所以，udev只为已经连接的设备产生设备文件，而不会在/dev/下产生大量虚无的设备文件.在发生热插拔时，设备的变化的相关信息会输出到内核的/sys(sysfs文件系统),udev利用sysfs的信息来进行相应的设备节点的管理
自定义命名规则:通过规则文件，udev在/dev/下为所有的设备定义了内核设备名称，比如/dev/sda,/dev/hda,/dev /fd(这些都是驱动层定义的设备名)等等。由于udev是在用户空间运行，Linux用户可以自己定义规则文件，产生标识性强的设备文件，比如/dev/boot_disk,/dev/root_disk,/dev/color_printer等等
设定设备的权限和所有者/组。同样在规则文件中，可以自己定义设备相关的权限和所有者/组。

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lzylzy112233/article/details/84997466

二、 Udev 的man Page翻译-ubuntu 20.04

2.1 定义

udev - 动态设备管理
udev - Dynamic device management

2.2 描述

udev supplies the system software with device events, manages permissions of device nodes and may create additional symlinks in the /dev directory, or renames network interfaces.
udev 为系统软件提供设备事件，修改设备权限，在/dev 目录创建新的符号连接，或者重新命名网络设备。（仅此而已）

The kernel usually just assigns unpredictable device names based on the order of discovery. Meaningful symlinks or network device names provide a way to reliably identify devices based on their properties or current configuration
系统内核通常会根据设备发现的顺序给设备附一个随机的名字，这个名字不具备可预测性。有意义的符号连接或者网络设备名称，提供了一个根据设备特有属性辨识设备的属性。（好比开店做生意，我们不能预测顾客的属性，但可以在顾客到来之后，给顾客发张卡，用来标识顾客，给顾客一个身份）

The udev daemon, systemd-udevd.service(8), receives device uevents directly from the kernel whenever a device is added or removed from the system, or it changes its state.
When udev receives a device event, it matches its configured set of rules against various device attributes to identify the device. Rules that match may provide additional device information to be stored in the udev database or to be used to create meaningful symlink names.
All device information udev processes is stored in the udev database and sent out to possible event subscribers. Access to all stored data and the event sources is provided by the library libudev.
这就容易理解了，udev进程，systemd-udevd.service 从内核获取设备的事件。这些事件包括设备的添加、移除或者状态的改变。当udev得到这些事件，就会跟udev规则中书写的设备属性进行比对。匹配的规则为udev数据库提供额外的设备信息，或者按照规则创建相应的符号连接。
udev进程中所有的设备信息存储在udev数据库中，数据库为订阅者提供/发送这些信息。获取数据库的信息或者事件需要udev库libudev。

The udev rules are read from the files located in the system rules directory /lib/udev/rules.d, the volatile runtime directory /run/udev/rules.d and the local administration directory /etc/udev/rules.d. All rules files are collectively sorted and processed in lexical order, regardless of the directories in which they live. However,files with identical filenames replace each other. Files in /etc have the highest priority, files in /run take precedence over files with the same name in /lib. This can be used to override a system-supplied rules file with a local file if needed; a symlink in /etc with the same name as a rules file in /lib, pointing to /dev/null, disables the rules file entirely. Rule files must have the extension .rules; other extensions are ignored.
规则文件在以下目录中：

/lib/udev/rules.d 系统目录
/run/udev/rules.d 易失运行目录
/etc/udev/rules.d 本地目录
所有的规则文件按照词法排序，跟目录无关。相同的文件或替换，/etc 目录俄文件具有最高优先级，/run 次之，/lib目录下的规则文件优先级最低。
/etc目录规则文件中定义的符号连接如果与/lib目录中规则文件定义的符号连接名称一样，指向/dev/null 将使规则文件全部无效。
规则文件具有.rules的扩展名，其它扩展名将视为无效。

2.3 规则文件

在规则文件里，除了以“#”开头的行（注释），所有的非空行都被视为一条规则，但是一条规则不能扩展到多行。规则都是由多个键值对（key-value pairs）组成，并由逗号隔开，键值对可以分为条件匹配键值对(以下简称“匹配键”)和赋值键值对(以下简称“赋值键”)，一条规则可以有多条匹配键和多条赋值键。匹配键是匹配一个设备属性的所有条件，当一个设备的属性匹配了该规则里所有的匹配键，就认为这条规则生效，然后按照赋值键的内容，执行描述键的赋值。
udev规则的所有操作符：

“==”：比较键、值，若等于，则该条件满足；

“!=”：比较键、值，若不等于，则该条件满足；

“=”：对一个键赋值；

“+=”：为一个键增加一个条目的赋值。

“:=”：对一个键赋值，并拒绝之后所有对该键的改动。目的是防止后面的规则文件对该键赋值。

2.3.1 匹配规则中的键：

ACTION：事件(uevent)的行为，例如：add(添加设备)、remove(删除设备)。

KERNEL：内核设备名称，例如：sda,cdrom。

DEVPATH：设备的devpath路径。

SUBSYSTEM：设备的子系统名称，例如：sda的子系统为block。

BUS：设备在devpath 里的总线名称，例如：usb。

DRIVER：设备在devpath 里的设备驱动名称，例如：ide-cdrom。

ID：设备在devpath 里的识别号。

SYSFS{filename}：设备的devpath 路径下，设备的属性文件“filename”里的内容。在一条规则中，可以设定最多五条SYSFS的匹配键。

ENV{key}：环境变量。在一条规则中，可以设定最多五条环境变量的匹配键。

PROGRAM：调用外部命令。

RESULT：外部命令PROGRAM 的返回结果。

ATTR{filename}, SYSCTL{kernel parameter}
Match sysfs attribute values of the event device. Trailing whitespace in the attribute values is ignored unless the specified
match value itself contains trailing whitespace. Match a kernel
parameter value. 匹配事件设备的sysfs
属性值。属性值结尾的空格将被忽略，除非属性值本身尾部确实含有空格。匹配内核属性值。

KERNELS
Search the devpath upwards for a matching device name. 向上搜索设备目录以匹配设备名称。

SUBSYSTEMS
Search the devpath upwards for a matching device subsystem name.
向上搜索设备目录以匹配设备子系统名称。

DRIVERS
Search the devpath upwards for a matching device driver name.
向上搜索设备目录以匹配设备驱动名称。

ATTRS{filename}
Search the devpath upwards for a device with matching sysfs attribute values. If multiple ATTRS matches are specified, all of them
must match on the same device.Trailing whitespace in the attribute
values is ignored unless the specified match value itself contains
trailing whitespace.
向上搜索设备目录的以匹配sysfs的属性值，多个属性值被列出来时，指向同一设备才有效。尾部空格视情况生效。

2.3.2 匹配规则中的特殊字符

“*” Matches zero or more characters.
匹配任意字符

“?” Matches any single character.
匹配单一字符

“[]” Matches any single character specified within the brackets. For example, the pattern string “tty[SR]” would match either “ttyS” or “ttyR”. Ranges are also supported via the “-” character. For example, to match on the range of all digits, the patter “[0-9]” could be used. If the first character following the “[” is a “!”, any characters not enclosed are matched.
匹配方阔号中的值，可以是离散值，也可能是值的范围。方括号紧跟这字符"！"表示不在括号中罗列的值或范围。

“|” Separates alternative patterns. For example, the pattern string “abc|x*” would match either “abc” or “x*”.
表示任期两个值的匹配，两个值位于"|"的两侧。

2.3.3 可以赋值的键

NAME：在 /dev下产生的设备文件名。只有第一次对某个设备的 NAME 的赋值行为生效，之后匹配的规则再对该设备的 NAME 赋值行为将被忽略。如果没有任何规则对设备的 NAME 赋值，udev 将使用内核设备名称来产生设备件。

SYMLINK：为 /dev/下的设备文件产生符号链接。由于 udev 只能为某个设备产生一个设备文件，所以为了不覆盖系统默认的 udev 规则所产生的文件，推荐使用符号链接。

OWNER, GROUP, MODE：为设备设定权限。

实测下来OWNER,GROUP,MODE 并没有改变符号连接的属性，在RUN运行程序中使用chmod 可以改变符号连接的所属用户、群组和权限是有效的，暂时不清楚问题在哪里？
参考论坛描述：https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=260428

ENV{key}：Set a device property value. Property names with a leading
“.” are neither stored in the database nor exported to events or external tools (run by, for example, the PROGRAM match key).
设置设备属性，如果属性前面有“.”,那么这个属性不会写入数据库，也不会输出事件或外部工具。

SECLABEL{module} 设定设备节点的Linux安全模块标签

ATTR{key} 为事件设备设定sysfs 属性

SYSCTL{kernel parameter} 设定系统才能树

TAG 设定设备标签，用于libudev 库监听事件的过滤，或则设备的分组操作，一般设备赋予多个标签才能起到这个作用。

RUN{type}
Add a program to the list of programs to be executed after processing all the rules for a specific event, depending on “type”:

“program”
Execute an external program specified as the assigned value. If no absolute path is given, the program is expected to live in /lib/udev; otherwise, the absolute path must be specified.This is the default if no type is specified.
“builtin”
As program, but use one of the built-in programs rather than an external one.The program name and following arguments are separated by spaces. Single quotes can be used to specify arguments with spaces.
This can only be used for very short-running foreground tasks. Running an event process for a long period of time may block all further events for this or a dependent device.
Starting daemons or other long-running processes is not appropriate for udev; the forked processes, detached or not, will be unconditionally killed after the event handling has finished.
按照type类型的定义，执行内置（buildin）或外部程序。外部程序的路径如果不特别指出，默认置于/lib/udev目录下。

LABEL
A named label to which a GOTO may jump.
和GOTO 配合使用，规则文件按照匹配条件跳转到LABEL 标签处。
GOTO
Jumps to the next LABEL with a matching name.

2.3.4 规则文件中的宏替换

同时也可以引用下面的替换操作符：

$kernel, %k：设备的内核设备名称，例如：sda、cdrom。

$number, %n：设备的内核号码，例如：sda3的内核号码是3。

$devpath, %p：设备的devpath路径。

$id, %b：设备在devpath里的ID号。

$sysfs{file},%s{file}：设备的sysfs里file的内容。其实就是设备的属性值。例如：$sysfs{size}表示该设备(磁盘) 的大小。

$env{key}, %E{key}：一个环境变量的值。

$major, %M：设备的major号。

$minor %m：设备的minor号。

$result, %c：PROGRAM返回的结果。

$parent, %P：父设备的设备文件名。

$root, %r：udev_root的值，默认是/dev/。

$tempnode, %N：临时设备名。

%%：符号%本身。

$$：符号$本身。

链接: ubuntu udev man page.

udev规则书写赋予了个性化命名甚至编程能力，可以实现很多有趣的操作，多学多看

三、udev 相关工具

3.1 lsusb

3.1.1 lsusb

lsusb 单独使用，获得usb接口的信息，Bus编号和Device编号

Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 003: ID 05c8:03f1 Cheng Uei Precision Industry Co., Ltd (Foxlink) HD Camera
Bus 003 Device 009: ID 12d1:3a07 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. HUAWEI USB-C HEADSET
Bus 003 Device 004: ID 8087:0026 Intel Corp. 
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

3.1.2 lsusb -v -s [[bus]:][devnum]

lsusb -v -s 获取具体设备的详细信息，如下一个耳机的详细信息。
通过这个查询可以获得这个设备的一些参数，例如idVendor 厂商号，idProduct产品号，iSerial序列号等。

Bus 003 Device 009: ID 12d1:3a07 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. HUAWEI USB-C HEADSET
Device Descriptor:
  bLength                18
  bDescriptorType         1
  bcdUSB               2.00
  bDeviceClass            0 
  bDeviceSubClass         0 
  bDeviceProtocol         0 
  bMaxPacketSize0        64
  idVendor           0x12d1 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
  idProduct          0x3a07 
  bcdDevice            0.49
  iManufacturer           1 (error)
  iProduct                2 HUAWEI USB-C HEADSET
  iSerial                 3 (error)
  bNumConfigurations      1
  Configuration Descriptor:
    bLength                 9
    bDescriptorType         2
    wTotalLength       0x0108
    bNumInterfaces          4
    bConfigurationValue     1
    iConfiguration          0 
    bmAttributes         0xa0
      (Bus Powered)
      Remote Wakeup
    MaxPower               30mA
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        0
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           0
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      1 Control Device
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                10
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (HEADER)
        bcdADC               1.00
        wTotalLength       0x003e
        bInCollection           2
        baInterfaceNr(0)        1
        baInterfaceNr(1)        2
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                12
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (INPUT_TERMINAL)
        bTerminalID             1
        wTerminalType      0x0201 Microphone
        bAssocTerminal          0
        bNrChannels             1
        wChannelConfig     0x0000
        iChannelNames           0 
        iTerminal               0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      3 (OUTPUT_TERMINAL)
        bTerminalID             3
        wTerminalType      0x0101 USB Streaming
        bAssocTerminal          0
        bSourceID               1
        iTerminal               0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                12
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (INPUT_TERMINAL)
        bTerminalID             4
        wTerminalType      0x0101 USB Streaming
        bAssocTerminal          0
        bNrChannels             2
        wChannelConfig     0x0003
          Left Front (L)
          Right Front (R)
        iChannelNames           0 
        iTerminal               0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                10
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      6 (FEATURE_UNIT)
        bUnitID                 5
        bSourceID               4
        bControlSize            1
        bmaControls(0)       0x01
          Mute Control
        bmaControls(1)       0x02
          Volume Control
        bmaControls(2)       0x02
          Volume Control
        iFeature                0 
      AudioControl Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      3 (OUTPUT_TERMINAL)
        bTerminalID             6
        wTerminalType      0x0302 Headphones
        bAssocTerminal          0
        bSourceID               5
        iTerminal               0 
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        1
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           0
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      2 Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        1
      bAlternateSetting       1
      bNumEndpoints           1
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      2 Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 7
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (AS_GENERAL)
        bTerminalLink           3
        bDelay                  1 frames
        wFormatTag         0x0001 PCM
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                11
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (FORMAT_TYPE)
        bFormatType             1 (FORMAT_TYPE_I)
        bNrChannels             1
        bSubframeSize           2
        bBitResolution         16
        bSamFreqType            1 Discrete
        tSamFreq[ 0]        48000
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x81  EP 1 IN
        bmAttributes            5
          Transfer Type            Isochronous
          Synch Type               Asynchronous
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0060  1x 96 bytes
        bInterval               1
        bRefresh                0
        bSynchAddress           0
        AudioStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:
          bLength                 7
          bDescriptorType        37
          bDescriptorSubtype      1 (EP_GENERAL)
          bmAttributes         0x01
            Sampling Frequency
          bLockDelayUnits         0 Undefined
          wLockDelay         0x0000
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        2
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           0
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      2 Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        2
      bAlternateSetting       1
      bNumEndpoints           1
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      2 Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 7
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (AS_GENERAL)
        bTerminalLink           4
        bDelay                  3 frames
        wFormatTag         0x0001 PCM
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                17
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (FORMAT_TYPE)
        bFormatType             1 (FORMAT_TYPE_I)
        bNrChannels             2
        bSubframeSize           2
        bBitResolution         16
        bSamFreqType            3 Discrete
        tSamFreq[ 0]        44100
        tSamFreq[ 1]        48000
        tSamFreq[ 2]        96000
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x01  EP 1 OUT
        bmAttributes            9
          Transfer Type            Isochronous
          Synch Type               Adaptive
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0180  1x 384 bytes
        bInterval               1
        bRefresh                0
        bSynchAddress           0
        AudioStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:
          bLength                 7
          bDescriptorType        37
          bDescriptorSubtype      1 (EP_GENERAL)
          bmAttributes         0x01
            Sampling Frequency
          bLockDelayUnits         1 Milliseconds
          wLockDelay         0x0004
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        2
      bAlternateSetting       2
      bNumEndpoints           1
      bInterfaceClass         1 Audio
      bInterfaceSubClass      2 Streaming
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                 7
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      1 (AS_GENERAL)
        bTerminalLink           4
        bDelay                  1 frames
        wFormatTag         0x0001 PCM
      AudioStreaming Interface Descriptor:
        bLength                17
        bDescriptorType        36
        bDescriptorSubtype      2 (FORMAT_TYPE)
        bFormatType             1 (FORMAT_TYPE_I)
        bNrChannels             2
        bSubframeSize           3
        bBitResolution         24
        bSamFreqType            3 Discrete
        tSamFreq[ 0]        44100
        tSamFreq[ 1]        48000
        tSamFreq[ 2]        96000
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 9
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x01  EP 1 OUT
        bmAttributes            9
          Transfer Type            Isochronous
          Synch Type               Adaptive
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0240  1x 576 bytes
        bInterval               1
        bRefresh                0
        bSynchAddress           0
        AudioStreaming Endpoint Descriptor:
          bLength                 7
          bDescriptorType        37
          bDescriptorSubtype      1 (EP_GENERAL)
          bmAttributes         0x01
            Sampling Frequency
          bLockDelayUnits         1 Milliseconds
          wLockDelay         0x0004
    Interface Descriptor:
      bLength                 9
      bDescriptorType         4
      bInterfaceNumber        3
      bAlternateSetting       0
      bNumEndpoints           1
      bInterfaceClass         3 Human Interface Device
      bInterfaceSubClass      0 
      bInterfaceProtocol      0 
      iInterface              0 
        HID Device Descriptor:
          bLength                 9
          bDescriptorType        33
          bcdHID               1.11
          bCountryCode            0 Not supported
          bNumDescriptors         1
          bDescriptorType        34 Report
          wDescriptorLength      67
         Report Descriptors: 
           ** UNAVAILABLE **
      Endpoint Descriptor:
        bLength                 7
        bDescriptorType         5
        bEndpointAddress     0x84  EP 4 IN
        bmAttributes            3
          Transfer Type            Interrupt
          Synch Type               None
          Usage Type               Data
        wMaxPacketSize     0x0023  1x 35 bytes
        bInterval               1
can't get device qualifier: Resource temporarily unavailable
can't get debug descriptor: Resource temporarily unavailable
Device Status:     0x0000
  (Bus Powered)

3.1.3 lsusb -t

输出usb设备结构树

/:  Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 10000M
/:  Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/12p, 480M
    |__ Port 3: Dev 9, If 0, Class=Audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 12M
    |__ Port 3: Dev 9, If 3, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
    |__ Port 3: Dev 9, If 1, Class=Audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 12M
    |__ Port 3: Dev 9, If 2, Class=Audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 12M
    |__ Port 7: Dev 3, If 0, Class=Video, Driver=uvcvideo, 480M
    |__ Port 7: Dev 3, If 1, Class=Video, Driver=uvcvideo, 480M
    |__ Port 10: Dev 4, If 0, Class=Wireless, Driver=btusb, 12M
    |__ Port 10: Dev 4, If 1, Class=Wireless, Driver=btusb, 12M
/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 10000M
/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/1p, 480M

3.2 udevadm

3.2.1 udevadm info --path devpath

首先要查到设备的路径

# udevadm info --path  /devices/pci0000:00/0000:0P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3
N: bus/usb/003/010
L: 0
E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3
E: DEVNAME=/dev/bus/usb/003/010
E: DEVTYPE=usb_device
E: DRIVER=usb
E: PRODUCT=12d1/3a07/49
E: TYPE=0/0/0
E: BUSNUM=003
E: DEVNUM=010
E: MAJOR=189
E: MINOR=265
E: SUBSYSTEM=usb
E: USEC_INITIALIZED=45358625137
E: ID_VENDOR=12d1
E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=12d1
E: ID_VENDOR_ID=12d1
E: ID_MODEL=HUAWEI_USB-C_HEADSET
E: ID_MODEL_ENC=HUAWEI\x20USB-C\x20HEADSET
E: ID_MODEL_ID=3a07
E: ID_REVISION=0049
E: ID_SERIAL=12d1_HUAWEI_USB-C_HEADSET
E: ID_BUS=usb
E: ID_USB_INTERFACES=:010100:010200:030000:
E: ID_VENDOR_FROM_DATABASE=Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
E: ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:14.0-usb-0:3
E: ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_14_0-usb-0_3
0:14.0/usb3/3-3

3.2.2 udevadm test devpath

测试某设备的规则文件

udevadm test  /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3
This program is for debugging only, it does not run any program
specified by a RUN key. It may show incorrect results, because
some values may be different, or not available at a simulation run.

Load module index
Parsed configuration file /usr/lib/systemd/network/99-default.link
Parsed configuration file /usr/lib/systemd/network/73-usb-net-by-mac.link
Created link configuration context.
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/39-usbmuxd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/40-usb-media-players.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/40-usb_modeswitch.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/40-vm-hotadd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/50-apport.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/50-firmware.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/55-dm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/55-ippusbxd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/56-hpmud.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-autosuspend-chromiumos.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-block.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-cdrom_id.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-crda.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-drm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-evdev.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-fido-id.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-input-id.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-inputattach.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-libfprint-2.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-libgphoto2-6.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-libsane.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-pcmcia.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-alsa.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-input.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-dm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-tape.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-v4l.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-sensor.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-serial.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-steam-input.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-steam-vr.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/60-tpm-udev.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-autosuspend-manual.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-gdm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-gnome-settings-daemon-rfkill.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-kde-bluetooth-rfkill.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-persistent-storage-android.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/64-btrfs.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/64-xorg-xkb.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/65-libwacom.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/66-snapd-autoimport.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/69-cd-sensors.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/69-libmtp.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/69-wacom.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-joystick.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-mouse.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-power-switch.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-printers.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-snap.google-translate.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-snap.krita.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-snap.obs-studio.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-snap.snap-store.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-snap.snapd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-spice-vdagentd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-touchpad.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-u2f.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/70-uaccess.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/71-power-switch-proliant.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/71-seat.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/71-u-d-c-gpu-detection.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/73-seat-late.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/73-special-net-names.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/75-net-description.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/75-probe_mtd.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-broadmobi-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-cinterion-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-dell-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-dlink-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-ericsson-mbm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-fibocom-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-foxconn-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-gosuncn-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-haier-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-huawei-net-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-longcheer-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-mtk-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-nokia-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-pcmcia-device-blacklist.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-qdl-device-blacklist.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-quectel-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-sierra.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-simtech-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-telit-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-tplink-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-ublox-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-usb-device-blacklist.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-usb-serial-adapters-greylist.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-x22x-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/77-mm-zte-port-types.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/78-graphics-card.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/78-sound-card.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-debian-compat.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-drivers.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-iio-sensor-proxy.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-libinput-device-groups.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-mm-candidate.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-net-setup-link.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/80-udisks2.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/81-net-dhcp.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/84-nm-drivers.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-brltty.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-hdparm.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-hplj10xx.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-nm-unmanaged.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/85-regulatory.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-alsa-restore.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-bolt.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-console-setup.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-fwupd-devices.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-libgpod.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-libinput-fuzz-override.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-nm-thunderbolt.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/90-pulseaudio.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-cd-devices.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-dm-notify.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-upower-csr.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-upower-hid.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-upower-hidpp.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/95-upower-wup.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/96-e2scrub.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/97-hid2hci.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/98-osscuse.rules
Reading rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/99-systemd.rules
Reading rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/99-usb-headphone.rules
Invalid inotify descriptor.
DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3
DEVNAME=/dev/bus/usb/003/010
DEVTYPE=usb_device
DRIVER=usb
PRODUCT=12d1/3a07/49
TYPE=0/0/0
BUSNUM=003
DEVNUM=010
MAJOR=189
MINOR=265
ACTION=add
SUBSYSTEM=usb
ID_VENDOR=12d1
ID_VENDOR_ENC=12d1
ID_VENDOR_ID=12d1
ID_MODEL=HUAWEI_USB-C_HEADSET
ID_MODEL_ENC=HUAWEI\x20USB-C\x20HEADSET
ID_MODEL_ID=3a07
ID_REVISION=0049
ID_SERIAL=12d1_HUAWEI_USB-C_HEADSET
ID_BUS=usb
ID_USB_INTERFACES=:010100:010200:030000:
ID_VENDOR_FROM_DATABASE=Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:14.0-usb-0:3
ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_14_0-usb-0_3
USEC_INITIALIZED=45358625137
run: '/bin/chmod 777 /etc/udev/rules.d/test.txt'
Unload module index
Unloaded link configuration context.

3.3.2 udevadm monitor

可以监听udev设备事件,也是获取设备路径的一个方法

UDEV  [45358.627217] add      /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3

韩利峰.

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