PyTorch学习笔记(4)_模型、数据、训练过程的可视化Tensorboard

PyTorch学习笔记(4)_模型、数据、训练过程的可视化Tensorboard

0 本章概要

本章学习的主要内容有：

1. 读取数据并进行适当的变换操作
2. 设置TensorBoard
3. 写入TensorBoard
4. 利用TensorBoard查看一个模型的结构
5. 利用TensorBoard创建交互式的可视化版本

在以上的第五点中，我们将学到：

• 多种方式来查看我们的训练数据
• 如何在训练进行过程中跟踪模型的性能变化
• 如何在训练结束后评估模型的性能表现

1 安装TensorBoard

1.1 数据和模型准备

# imports
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim

# transforms
transform = transforms.Compose(
    [transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize((0.5,), (0.5,))])

# datasets
trainset = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST('./data',
    download=True,
    train=True,
    transform=transform)
testset = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST('./data',
    download=True,
    train=False,
    transform=transform)

# dataloaders
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
                                        shuffle=True, num_workers=2)


testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
                                        shuffle=False, num_workers=2)

# constant for classes
classes = ('T-shirt/top', 'Trouser', 'Pullover', 'Dress', 'Coat',
        'Sandal', 'Shirt', 'Sneaker', 'Bag', 'Ankle Boot')

# helper function to show an image
# (used in the `plot_classes_preds` function below)
def matplotlib_imshow(img, one_channel=False):
    if one_channel:
        img = img.mean(dim=0)
    img = img / 2 + 0.5     # unnormalize
    npimg = img.numpy()
    if one_channel:
        plt.imshow(npimg, cmap="Greys")
    else:
        plt.imshow(np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0)))

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 5)
        self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 4 * 4, 120)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
        x = x.view(-1, 16 * 4 * 4)
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x


net = Net()
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

​ 以上数据来自于既有数据集Fashion_MNIST，如果在下载过程中发生中断，请注意点击报错信息中的链接，手动下载数据后，将数据放置在报错信息提示的路径处.

1.2 设置TensorBoard

from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter

# default `log_dir` is "runs" - we'll be more specific here
writer = SummaryWriter('runs/fashion_mnist_experiment_1')

​ 这段代码导出了tensorboard的SummaryWriter模块，然后利用这个模块生成一个文件夹.

2 写入TensorBoard

​ 以下代码将trainloader中的图像和标签读取出来，以grid的方式组织，并写入writer中.

# get some random training images
dataiter = iter(trainloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()

# create grid of images
img_grid = torchvision.utils.make_grid(images)

# show images
matplotlib_imshow(img_grid, one_channel=True)

# write to tensorboard
writer.add_image('four_fashion_mnist_images', img_grid)

注意，TensorBoard是服务端显示， 所以

tensorboard --logdir=runs

然后按提示打开http://localhost:6060

这里需要说明一点，logdir参数中指定的是跟tensorBoard有关文件的保存地址. 如果你和笔者一样没有把编辑器的默认路径和cmd运行的默认路径设置成一致，那么在cmd中运行的命令中–logdir==后面应修改成文件夹路径.

3 在TensorBoard中查看模型

writer.add_graph(net, images)
writer.close()

再去tensorBoard中查看，就可以看到graph

在这张图上，双击一下Net，就可以看到网络的具体结构，如下图所示：

4 添加一个“Projector”到TensorBoard

# helper function
def select_n_random(data, labels, n=100):
    '''
    Selects n random datapoints and their corresponding labels from a dataset
    '''
    assert len(data) == len(labels)

    perm = torch.randperm(len(data))
    return data[perm][:n], labels[perm][:n]

# select random images and their target indices
images, labels = select_n_random(trainset.data, trainset.targets)

# get the class labels for each image
class_labels = [classes[lab] for lab in labels]

# log embeddings
features = images.view(-1, 28 * 28)
writer.add_embedding(features,
                    metadata=class_labels,
                    label_img=images.unsqueeze(1))
writer.close()

​ 我们可以在一个可视化界面下查看高维数据的低维特征:

​ 以上这段代码一共表示了100张图片，每一张图片都有784维，将它们投射到三维空间中.

5 在TensorBoard中跟踪模型训练

# helper functions

def images_to_probs(net, images):
    '''
    Generates predictions and corresponding probabilities from a trained
    network and a list of images
    '''
    output = net(images)
    # convert output probabilities to predicted class
    _, preds_tensor = torch.max(output, 1)
    preds = np.squeeze(preds_tensor.numpy())
    return preds, [F.softmax(el, dim=0)[i].item() for i, el in zip(preds, output)]


def plot_classes_preds(net, images, labels):
    '''
    Generates matplotlib Figure using a trained network, along with images
    and labels from a batch, that shows the network's top prediction along
    with its probability, alongside the actual label, coloring this
    information based on whether the prediction was correct or not.
    Uses the "images_to_probs" function.
    '''
    preds, probs = images_to_probs(net, images)
    # plot the images in the batch, along with predicted and true labels
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 48))
    for idx in np.arange(4):
        ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 4, idx+1, xticks=[], yticks=[])
        matplotlib_imshow(images[idx], one_channel=True)
        ax.set_title("{0}, {1:.1f}%\n(label: {2})".format(
            classes[preds[idx]],
            probs[idx] * 100.0,
            classes[labels[idx]]),
                    color=("green" if preds[idx]==labels[idx].item() else "red"))
    return fig

running_loss = 0.0
for epoch in range(1):  # loop over the dataset multiple times

    for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):

        # get the inputs; data is a list of [inputs, labels]
        inputs, labels = data

        # zero the parameter gradients
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        # forward + backward + optimize
        outputs = net(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

        running_loss += loss.item()
        if i % 1000 == 999:    # every 1000 mini-batches...

            # ...log the running loss
            writer.add_scalar('training loss',
                            running_loss / 1000,
                            epoch * len(trainloader) + i)

            # ...log a Matplotlib Figure showing the model's predictions on a
            # random mini-batch
            writer.add_figure('predictions vs. actuals',
                            plot_classes_preds(net, inputs, labels),
                            global_step=epoch * len(trainloader) + i)
            running_loss = 0.0
print('Finished Training')

​ 执行以上代码就可以启动训练，再回到tensorboard界面，在scalar界面上就可以看到：

​

​ 再回到Images，往下拉动：可以看到在第14999步迭代后，四种分类的准确率.

6 通过TensorBoard评估训练模型

# 1. gets the probability predictions in a test_size x num_classes Tensor
# 2. gets the preds in a test_size Tensor
# takes ~10 seconds to run
class_probs = []
class_preds = []
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        images, labels = data
        output = net(images)
        class_probs_batch = [F.softmax(el, dim=0) for el in output]
        _, class_preds_batch = torch.max(output, 1)

        class_probs.append(class_probs_batch)
        class_preds.append(class_preds_batch)

test_probs = torch.cat([torch.stack(batch) for batch in class_probs])
test_preds = torch.cat(class_preds)

# helper function
def add_pr_curve_tensorboard(class_index, test_probs, test_preds, global_step=0):
    '''
    Takes in a "class_index" from 0 to 9 and plots the corresponding
    precision-recall curve
    '''
    tensorboard_preds = test_preds == class_index
    tensorboard_probs = test_probs[:, class_index]

    writer.add_pr_curve(classes[class_index],
                        tensorboard_preds,
                        tensorboard_probs,
                        global_step=global_step)
    writer.close()

# plot all the pr curves
for i in range(len(classes)):
    add_pr_curve_tensorboard(i, test_probs, test_preds)

​ 到PR CURVES界面下，可以查看每一类分类结果的PR曲线图：