学会如何学习学习笔记——4. 2复兴式学习与释放你的潜能——​​​​​​​创建生动的视觉比喻或类比，不需要羡慕天才

创建生动的视觉比喻或类比

One of the best things you can do to not only remember, but understand concepts, is to create a metaphor or analogy for them. Often the more visual the better. A metaphor is just a way of realizing that one thing is somehow similar to another. Simple ideas like one geography teacher's description of Syria is shaped like a bowl of cereal, and Jordan as a Nike Air Jordan Sneaker, can stick with a student for decades. If you're trying to understand electrical current, It can help to visualize it as water. Similarly, electrical voltage can feel like pressure, a push. As you climb to a more sophisticated understanding of whatever topic you're concentrating on, you can revise your metaphors or toss them away and create more meaningful ones. Metaphors and visualization, being able to see something in your mind's eye, have been especially helpful not only in art and literature, but also in allowing the scientific and engineering world to make progress. In the 1800s for example, when chemists began to imagine and visualize the miniature world of molecules, dramatic progress began to be made. Here's a fun illustration of monkeys in a benzene ring from an insider spoof of German academic chemical life printed in 1886. Note the single bonds with the monkey's hands and the double bonds with their tiny little tails. It's often helpful to pretend that you are the concept you're trying to understand. Put yourself in an electron's warm and fuzzy slippers as it burrows through a slab of copper. Or sneak inside the x of an algebraic equation and feel what it's like to poke your head out of the rabbit hole. But just don't let it get exploded by an inadvertent divide by zero. In chemistry, compare a cation with a cat that has paws, and is therefore paws-itive, and anion with an onion that's negative because it makes you cry. Metaphors are never perfect, but then, in science, all models are just metaphors which means they break down at some point. But never mind that, metaphors and models are often vitally important in giving a physical understanding of the central idea behind the process or concept you're trying to understand. Interestingly, metaphors and analogies are useful for getting people out of einstellen. That is, being blocked by thinking about a problem in the wrong way. For example, telling a simple story of soldiers attacking a fortress from many different directions at once can open creative paths for students to see how many low intensity rays can be effectively used to destroy a cancerous tumor. Stories, even if they're just using silly memory tricks, can also allow you to more easily retain what you're trying to learn. Metaphors also help glue an idea into your mind, because they make a connection to neural structures that are already there. It's like being able to trace a pattern with tracing paper, metaphors at least help you get a sense of what's going on. I'm Barbara Oakley, thanks for learning how to learn.

为了记住并理解概念，你能做的最好的事情之一就是为它们创造一个隐喻或类比。通常来说，视觉化的效果更好。隐喻就是一种意识到一件事与另一件事相似的方式。像地理老师将叙利亚形容成一碗谷物，把约旦形容成一双耐克乔丹运动鞋这样简单的想法，可以让学生记忆几十年。如果你试图理解电流，将其想象成水会有所帮助。同样地，电压感觉就像压力，一种推动力。当你对所关注的话题有更深入的理解时，你可以修改你的隐喻，或者抛弃它们并创造出更有含义的隐喻。隐喻和视觉化，能够让你用心灵之眼看事物，不仅在艺术和文学中特别有帮助，而且在科学和工程领域也有助于取得进步。

例如，在十九世纪，当化学家开始想象和视觉化分子微观世界时，戏剧性的进展便开始了。这是1886年在德国学术界内部恶搞印刷品上的一个有趣的插图，上面画着一只猴子在苯环内。注意猴子的手之间的单键和它们细小尾巴之间的双键。假装你是你想理解的概念通常是有帮助的。将自己置于电子温暖舒适的拖鞋里，它正在铜板上钻来钻去。或者悄悄进入代数方程中的“x”，感受一下从兔子洞里探出头的感觉。但只是不要让它被一个不经意的除以零炸掉。在化学中，将阳离子比作一只爪子是阳性的猫，阴离子比作洋葱是阴性的因为它会让你流泪。隐喻从来都不完美，但是，在科学中，所有的模型都只是隐喻，这意味着它们在某个时刻都会瓦解。但不用担心这些，隐喻和模型在你试图理解的过程或概念背后的核心理念的物理理解中往往至关重要。

有趣的是，隐喻和类比对于帮助人们摆脱思维定势是很有用的。也就是说，因为以错误的方式思考问题而被阻碍了。例如，讲述一个简单的故事，士兵们同时从多个方向攻击堡垒可以为学生打开创造性的思路，让他们看到许多低强度射线如何有效地用来摧毁癌瘤。即使故事只是使用愚蠢的记忆技巧，也可以让你更容易地记住你试图学习的东西。隐喻还有助于将一个想法牢牢地固定在你的脑海中，因为它们与已经存在的神经结构建立了联系。这就像能够用描图纸追踪图案一样，至少隐喻帮助你感觉到正在发生的事情。感谢大家学会了如何学习。

不需要羡慕天才

[BLANK_AUDIO] This is a good place for us to step back and look again at chunking from another perspective. Notice what we're doing here. We're interleaving our learning by jumping back to revisit and deepen our understanding of a topic we've already covered. There's an interesting connection between learning math and science and learning a sport. In baseball, for example, you don't learn how to hit in one day. Instead, your body perfects your swing from lots and lots of repetition over a period of years. Smooth repetition creates muscle memory, so your body knows what to do from a single thought. One chunk instead of having to recall all the complex steps involved in hitting a ball. In the same way, once you understand why you do something in math and science. You don't have to keep re-explaining the how to yourself every time you do it. it's not necessary to go around with a hundred beans in your pocket and to lay out ten rows of ten beans again and again so you get that ten times ten is equal to 100. At some point you just know it from memory. For example you memorize the idea that you simply add exponents, those little superscript numbers, when you are multiplying numbers that have the same base. Ten to the fourth times ten to the fifth is equal to ten to the ninth. If you use the procedure a lot, by doing many different types of problems you'll find that you understand both the why and the how behind the procedure far better then you do after getting a conventional explanation from a teacher or a book. The greater understanding results from the fact that your mind constructed the patterns of meaning, rather than simply accepting what someone else has told you. Remember, people learn by trying to make sense out of the information they perceive. They rarely learn anything complex simply by having someone else tell it to them. Chess masters, emergency room physicians, fighter pilots, and many other experts often have to make complex decisions rapidly. They shut down their conscious system and instead rely on their well trained intuition, drawing on their deeply ingrained repertoire of chunks. At some point self-consciously understanding why you do what you do, just slows you down and interrupts the flow resulting in worse decisions. But wait, are chess masters and people who can multiply six-digit numbers in their heads exceptionally gifted? Not necessarily, I'm going to tell it to you straight. Sure. Intelligence matters. Being smarter often equates to having a larger working memory. Your hot rod of a memory may be able to hold nine things in mind instead of four and you can latch on to those things like a bulldog, which makes it easier to learn. But guess what, it also makes it more difficult for you to be creative. How's that? It's our old friend and enemy Einstellung. The idea you are already holding in mind can block you from fresh thoughts. A superb working memory can hold its thoughts so tightly that new thoughts can't easily peek through. Such tightly controlled attention could use an occasional whiff of ADHD-like fresh air, the ability, in other words, to have your attention shift even if you don't want it to shift. If you're one of those people who can't hold a lot in mind at once, you lose focus and start daydreaming in lectures and have to get to some place quiet to focus so you can use your working memory to its maximum, well welcome to the clan of the creative. Having a somewhat smaller working memory means you can more easily generalize your learning into new, more creative combinations. Because your working memory, which grows from the focusing abilities of the prefrontal cortex doesn't lock everything up so tightly. You can more easily get input from other parts of your brain. These other areas, which include the sensory cortex, not only are more in tune with what's going on around you in the environment, but are also the source of dreams, not to mention creative ideas. You may have to work harder sometimes or even much of the time to understand what's going on. But once you get something chunked you can take that chunk and turn it outside in and inside round, putting it through creative paces even you didn't think you were capable of. Here's another point to put into your mental chunker. It is practice, particularly deliberate practice on the toughest aspects of the material that can help lift average brains into the realm of those with more natural gifts. Just as you can practice lifting weights and get bigger muscles over time, you can also practice certain mental patterns that deepen and enlarge in your mind. Whether you're naturally gifted or you have to struggle to get a solid grasp of the fundamentals, you should realize that you're not alone if you think you're an imposter. That it's a fluke when you happen to do well on a test, and then on the next test, for sure they, and your family and friends, are finally going to figure out how incompetent you really are. This feeling is so extraordinarily common that it even has a name. The Imposter Syndrome. If you suffer from these kinds of feelings of inadequacy just be aware that many others secretly share them. Everyone has different gifts, as the old saying goes, when one door closes, another opens. Keep your chin up and your eye on the open door. I'm Barbara Oakley. Thanks for learning how to learn.

这是一个让我们从另一个角度重新审视分块法的好地方。注意我们在这里做了什么。我们在学习过程中穿插回顾，以加深对已经学过的主题的理解。在数学和科学学习与运动学习之间有一个有趣的联系。例如，在棒球中，你不会在一天之内学会击球。相反，你的身体通过多年的大量重复练习来完善你的挥棒动作。平滑的重复创造了肌肉记忆，这样你的身体就会知道如何从一个想法中做出反应。一个分块而不是必须回忆击球所涉及的所有复杂步骤。同样地，一旦你理解了为什么你在数学和科学中做某事，你就不必每次做的时候都重新解释如何去做。没有必要带着一百颗豆子在你的口袋里走来走去，一遍又一遍地摆出十行十颗豆子，这样你就可以得到十乘以十等于一佰。在某个时刻，你只是从记忆中知道它。例如，你记住了一个观点，即当你乘法时，只需将指数相加，那些小的上标数字。十的四次方乘以十的五次方等于十的九次方。如果你经常使用这个程序，通过解决许多不同类型的问题，你会发现你对程序背后的“为什么”和“如何”的理解远远超过了你从老师或书本中得到的传统解释。

更大的理解来自于这样一个事实：你的头脑构建了意义模式，而不仅仅是接受别人告诉你的东西。记住，人们通过试图理解他们感知到的信息来学习。他们很少能仅仅通过别人告诉他们就学到任何复杂的东西。国际象棋大师、急诊室医生、战斗机飞行员和许多其他专家通常必须迅速做出复杂的决定。他们关闭他们的意识系统，而是依靠他们训练有素的直觉，利用他们根深蒂固的分块库。在某个时刻，有意识地理解你为什么做你所做的事情，只会减慢你的速度并打断流程，导致更糟糕的决定。但等等，国际象棋大师和能在脑海中计算六位数的人是否异常天赋异禀？不一定，我会直截了当地告诉你。

当然，智力很重要。变得更聪明往往意味着拥有更大的工作记忆。你的热棒式记忆可能能够记住九件事而不是四件，并且你可以像斗牛犬一样抓住这些东西，这使得学习变得更容易。但是猜猜看，这也使你更难发挥创造力。这是怎么回事？这是我们的老朋友和敌人定势思维。你已经在脑海中的想法可能会阻止你产生新的想法。一个出色的工作记忆可以如此紧密地锁定其思想，以至于新思想无法轻易窥视。这种严格控制的注意力可能需要偶尔呼吸一下类似ADHD的新鲜空气，换句话说，即使你不想转移注意力，也能够让你的注意力转移的能力。如果你是那些一次不能记住很多东西的人之一，你就会失去焦点，开始在讲座中白日梦，并且不得不去一个安静的地方集中注意力，这样你就可以最大限度地利用你的工作记忆，那么欢迎来到创意家族。有一个稍小的工作记忆意味着你可以更容易地将你的学习概括为新的、更有创造性的组合。因为你的工作记忆是从前额叶皮层的聚焦能力中成长起来的，它不会把一切都锁得那么紧。你可以更容易地从大脑的其他部分获得输入。这些其他区域包括感觉皮层，不仅更能与你周围的环境发生共鸣，而且还是梦想的来源，更不用说创造性的想法了。有时你可能不得不更加努力地工作或甚至大部分时间来理解正在发生的事情。但是一旦你得到了一些东西的分块，你就可以将那个分块翻转出来并在里面旋转，即使你以为你没有能力进行创造性的思考。这是另一个要放入你的心理分块器的观点。它是实践，特别是对材料最困难方面的刻意练习可以帮助将平均大脑提升到那些具有更多天赋的人的领域。就像你可以练习举重并随着时间的推移获得更大的肌肉一样，你也可以练习某些在你脑海中加深和扩大的心理模式。

无论你是天生有才华还是需要努力掌握基础知识的基本知识，你都应该知道你不是一个人如果你认为你是冒牌货的话。当你碰巧在考试中表现良好时，那是一个偶然事件，然后在接下来的考试中，肯定他们会和你的家人和朋友最终会发现你到底有多无能。这种感觉非常普遍，以至于它甚至有了一个名字冒名顶替综合症。如果你遭受这些不安全感的感觉，请意识到许多其他人也在秘密分享它们。每个人都有不同的天赋，正如老话所说，当一扇门关闭时另一扇门就会打开。抬起头来看着开着的门吧。感谢你们学会了如何学习。