Java How to Program学习笔记——章节小结_第八章_深入理解类和对象（Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look）

终于进入到了面向对象编程的核心章节了，前面几章只是开胃菜而已。

 

Summary Section 8.2 Time Class Case Study • The public methods of a class are also known as the class’s public services or public interface. They present to the class’s clients a view of the services the class provides. • A class’s private members are not accessible to its clients. • String class static method format is similar to method System.out.printf except that format returns a formatted String rather than displaying it in a command window. • All objects in Java have a toString method that returns a String representation of the object. Method toString is called implicitly when an object appears in code where a String is needed. Section 8.3 Controlling Access to Members • The access modifiers public and private control access to a class’s variables and methods. • The primary purpose of public methods is to present to the class’s clients a view of the services the class provides. Clients need not be concerned with how the class accomplishes its tasks. • A class’s private variables and private methods (i.e., its implementation details) are not accessible to its clients. Section 8.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference • An instance method of an object implicitly uses keyword this  to refer to the object’s instance variables and other methods. Keyword this can also be used explicitly. • The compiler produces a separate file with the .class extension for every compiled class. • If a local variable has the same name as a class’s field, the local variable shadows the field. You can use the this reference in a method to refer to the shadowed field explicitly. Section 8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors • Overloaded constructors enable objects of a class to be initialized in different ways. The compiler differentiates overloaded constructors  by their signatures. • To call one constructor of a class from another of the same class, you can use the this keyword followed by parentheses containing the constructor arguments. If used, such a constructor call must appear as the first statement in the constructor’s body. Section 8.6 Default and No-Argument Constructors • If no constructors are provided in a class, the compiler creates a default constructor. • If a class declares constructors, the compiler will not create a default constructor. In this case, you must declare a no-argument constructor if default initialization is required. Section 8.7 Notes on Set and Get Methods • Set methods are commonly called mutator methods because they typically change a value. Get methods are commonly called accessor methods or query methods. A predicate method tests whether a condition is true or false. Section 8.8 Composition • A class can have references to objects of other classes as members. This is called composition and is sometimes referred to as a has-a relationship. Section 8.9 enum Types • All enum types are reference types. An enum type is declared with an enum declaration, which is a comma-separated list of enum constants. The declaration may optionally include other components of traditional classes, such as constructors, fields and methods. • enum constants are implicitly final, because they declare constants that should not be modified. • enum constants are implicitly static. • Any attempt to create an object of an enum type with operator new results in a compilation error. • enum constants can be used anywhere constants can be used, such as in the case labels of switch statements and to control enhanced for statements. • Each enum constant in an enum declaration is optionally followed by arguments which are passed to the enum constructor. • For every enum, the compiler generates a static method called values that returns an array of the enum’s constants in the order in which they were declared. • EnumSet static method range receives the first and last enum constants in a range and returns an EnumSet that contains all the constants between these two constants, inclusive. Section 8.10 Garbage Collection • The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) performs automatic garbage collection  to reclaim the memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use. When there are no more references to an object, the object is eligible for garbage collection. The memory for such an object can be reclaimed when the JVM executes its garbage collector. Section 8.11 static Class Members • A static variable represents classwide information that’s shared among the class’s objects. • static variables have class scope. A class’s public static members can be accessed through a reference to any object of the class, or they can be accessed by qualifying the member name with the class name and a dot (.). Client code can access a class’s private static class members only through methods of the class. • static class members exist as soon as the class is loaded into memory. • A method declared static cannot access a class’s instance variables and instance methods, because a static method can be called even when no objects of the class have been instantiated. • The this reference cannot be used in a static method. Section 8.12 static Import • A static import declaration enables you to refer to imported static members without the class name and a dot (.). A single static import declaration imports one static member, and a static import on demand imports all static members of a class. Section 8.13 final Instance Variables • In the context of an app’s code, the principle of least privilege states that code should be granted only the amount of privilege and access that it needs to accomplish its designated task. • Keyword final specifies that a variable is not modifiable. Such variables must be initialized when they’re declared or by each of a class’s constructors. Section 8.14 Package Access • If no access modifier is specified for a method or variable when it’s declared in a class, the method or variable is considered to have package access. Section 8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations • Any application that requires precise floating-point calculations without rounding errors—such as those in financial applications—should instead use class BigDecimal (package java.math). • BigDecimal static method valueOf with a double argument returns a BigDecimal that represents the exact value specified. • BigDecimal method add adds its argument BigDecimal to the BigDecimal on which the method is called and returns the result. • BigDecimal provides the constants ONE (1), ZERO (0) and TEN (10). • BigDecimal method pow raises its first argument to the power specified in its second argument. • BigDecimal method multiply multiplies its argument BigDecimal with the BigDecimal on which the method is called and returns the result. • Class NumberFormat (package java.text) provides capabilities for formatting numeric values as locale-specific Strings. The class’s static method getCurrencyInstance returns a preconfigured NumberFormat for local-specific currency values. NumberFormat method format performs the formatting. • Locale-specific formatting is an important part of internationalization—the process of customizing your applications for users’ various locales and spoken languages. • BigDecimal gives you control over how values are rounded—by default all calculations are exact and no rounding occurs. If you do not specify how to round BigDecimal values and a given value cannot be represented exactly an ArithmeticException occurs. • You can specify the rounding mode for BigDecimal by supplying a MathContext object (package java.math) to class BigDecimal’s constructor when you create a BigDecimal. You may also provide a MathContext to various BigDecimal methods that perform calculations. By default, each pre-configured MathContext uses so called “bankers rounding.” • A BigDecimal’s scale is the number of digits to the right of its decimal point. If you need a BigDecimal rounded to a specific digit, you can call BigDecimal method setScale.