Swift 扩展(十七)

扩展 (Extensions)

向一个已有的类、结构体或枚举类型添加新功能，包括再没有获取源代码的情况下扩展类型的能力(逆向建模)

1.语法

使用关键字 extension

extension SomeType {
    // new functionality to add to SomeType goes here
}

一个扩展可以扩展一个已有的类型，使其能够适配一个或多个协议，此时接口的名字应该完全按照类或结构体的名字进行书写

extension SomeType: SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
    // implementation of protocol requirements goes here
}

2.计算型属性

扩展可向已有类型添加计算型实例属性和计算型类型属性

extension Double {
    var km: Double { return self * 1_000.0 }
    var m: Double { return self }
    var cm: Double { return self / 100.0 }
    var mm: Double { return self / 1_000.0 }
    var ft: Double { return self / 3.28084 }
}
let oneInch = 25.4.mm
println("One inch is \(oneInch) meters")
// prints "One inch is 0.0254 meters"
let threeFeet = 3.ft
println("Three feet is \(threeFeet) meters")
// prints "Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters"

let aMarathon = 42.km + 195.m
println("A marathon is \(aMarathon) meters long")
// prints "A marathon is 42195.0 meters long"

3.构造器

扩展可向已有类型添加新的构造器。可以扩展其他类型，将自己定制的类型作为构造器参数，或者提供该类型原始没有提供的额外选项

struct Size {
    var width = 0.0, height = 0.0
}
struct Point {
    var x = 0.0, y = 0.0
}
struct Rect {
    var origin = Point()
    var size = Size()
}

let defaultRect = Rect()
let memberwiseRect = Rect(origin: Point(x: 2.0, y: 2.0),
    size: Size(width: 5.0, height: 5.0))

extension Rect {
    init(center: Point, size: Size) {
        let originX = center.x - (size.width / 2)
        let originY = center.y - (size.height / 2)
        self.init(origin: Point(x: originX, y: originY), size: size)
    }
}

let centerRect = Rect(center: Point(x: 4.0, y: 4.0),
    size: Size(width: 3.0, height: 3.0))
// centerRect's origin is (2.5, 2.5) and its size is (3.0, 3.0)

4.方法

扩展可以向已有类型添加新的实例方法和类型方法

// 向Int添加repetitions方法，使用一个 ()->() 类型的简单参数，标明函数没有参数没有返回值，之后对任意整数调用该方法，多次执行某任务
extension Int {
    func repetitions(task: () -> ()) {
        for i in 0..self {
            task()
        }
    }
}

3.repetitions({
    println("Hello!")
    })
// Hello!
// Hello!
// Hello!

// 使用trailing闭包调用
3.repetitions {
    println("Goodbye!")
}
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!

4.1修改实例方法

通过扩展也可以修改实例本身的方法，结构体和枚举类型中修改self或其属性的方法必须将该方法标注为mutating，正如来自原始实现的修改方法一样

extension Int {
    mutating func square() {
        self = self * self
    }
}
var someInt = 3
someInt.square()
// someInt is now 9

5.下标

扩展可以向一个已有类型添加新的下标

// 向Int类型添加一个整型下标，下标[n]返回十进制数组从右向左数的第n个数字
extension Int {
    subscript(digitIndex: Int) -> Int {
        var decimalBase = 1
            for _ in 1...digitIndex {
                decimalBase *= 10
            }
            return (self / decimalBase) % 10
    }
}
746381295[0]
// returns 5
746381295[1]
// returns 9
746381295[2]
// returns 2
746381295[8]
// returns 7


746381295[9]
// returns 0, as if you had requested:
0746381295[9]

6.嵌套类型

扩展可以向已有的类、结构体和枚举添加新的嵌套类型

// 向Character添加新的嵌套枚举Kind，表示特定字符的类型，添加一个新的计算实例属性kind，返回合适的Kind枚举成员
extension Character {
    enum Kind {
        case Vowel, Consonant, Other
    }
    var kind: Kind {
    switch String(self).lowercaseString {
    case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
        return .Vowel
    case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
    "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
        return .Consonant
    default:
        return .Other
        }
    }
}

func printLetterKinds(word: String) {
    println("'\(word)' is made up of the following kinds of letters:")
    for character in word {
        switch character.kind {
        case .Vowel:
            print("vowel ")
        case .Consonant:
            print("consonant ")
        case .Other:
            print("other ")
        }
    }
    print("\n")
}
printLetterKinds("Hello")
// 'Hello' is made up of the following kinds of letters:
// consonant vowel consonant consonant vowel