目录
1.3.1类模板语法
template<class NameType,class AgeType>
class person{
public:
NameType m_Name;
AgeType m_Age;
}
类模板和函数模板语法相似,在声明模板template后面加类,此类称为类模板。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template<class NameType,class AgeType>
class person
{
public:
person(NameType name,AgeType age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
void showperson()
{
cout << "name = " << this->m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << this->m_Age << endl;
}
NameType m_Name;
AgeType m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
person<string, int> p1 ("孙悟空",999);
p1.showperson();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
}
1.3.2 类模板与函数模板区别
类模板与函数模板区别
1、类模板不能自动推导类型
2、类模板在模板参数列表中可以有默认参数
template<class NameType, class AgeType = int>//默认参数
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//类模板与函数模板区别
//1、类模板不能自动推导类型
//2、类模板在模板参数列表中可以有默认参数
template<class NameType, class AgeType = int>
class person
{
public:
person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
void showperson()
{
cout << "name = " << this->m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << this->m_Age << endl;
}
NameType m_Name;
AgeType m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
//person p1("孙悟空", 999);错误的
person<string, int> p1("孙悟空", 999);//正确,只能显示指定类型
p1.showperson();
}
void test02()
{
person<string> p2("猪八戒", 499);
p2.showperson();
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
}
1.3.3类模板中成员函数创建时机
普通类的成员函数一开始就可以创建
类模板中的成员函数在调用时才可以创建
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//普通类的成员函数一开始就可以创建
//类模板中的成员函数在调用时才可以创建
class person1
{
public:
void showperson1()
{
cout << "person1 show" << endl;
}
};
class person2
{
public:
void showperson2()
{
cout << "person2 show" << endl;
}
};
template <class T>
class MyClass
{
public:
T obj;
//类模板中的成员函数
void func1()
{
obj.showperson1();
}
void func2()
{
obj.showperson2();
}
};
void test01()
{
MyClass<person1>m;
m.func1();
//m.func2();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
}
1.3.4类模板对象中做函数参数
1、指定传入类型
2、参数模板化
3、整个类模板化
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//类模板实例化的对象,向函数传参的方式
template<class T1,class T2>
class person
{
public:
person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
void showperson()
{
cout << "name = " << this->m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << this->m_Age << endl;
}
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//1、指定传入类型
void printperson1(person<string, int>&p)
{
p.showperson();
}
void test01() {
person<string, int>p("孙悟空",999);
printperson1(p);
}
//2、参数模板化
template<class T1, class T2>
void printperson2(person<T1, T2>&p)
{
p.showperson();
cout << "T1 的类型为 " << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << "T2 的类型为 " << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
void test02()
{
person<string, int>p1("猪八戒", 499);
printperson2(p1);
}
//3、整个类模板化
template <class T>
void printperson3(T &p)
{
p.showperson();
cout << "T 的类型为 " << typeid(T).name() << endl;
}
void test03()
{
person<string, int>p2("唐僧", 29);
printperson3(p2);
}
int main() {
test03();
test02();
test01();
system("pause");
}
1.3.5类模板与继承
class Son :public Base//错误的,必须知道父类中的T的数据类型才能继承子类
如果想灵活的指定父类中的T的类型,子类也需要变类模板
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Base
{
public:
T m;
};
//class Son :public Base//错误的,必须知道父类中的T的数据类型才能继承子类
class Son :public Base<int>
{
public:
};
void test01()
{
Son s1;
}
//如果想灵活的指定父类中的T的类型,子类也需要变类模板
template <class T1,class T2>
class Son2 :public Base<T2>
{
public:
Son2()
{
cout << "T1的类型为" << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << "T2的类型为" << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
T1 obj;
};
void test02()
{
Son2<int, char>S2;
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
}
1.3.6类模板成员函数类外实现
类外实现的时候,需要加上模板的参数列表以及函数的作用域
template<class T1,class T2>
void person<T1, T2>::showperson()
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
//类模板成员函数类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
class person
{
public:
person(T1 name, T2 age);
void showperson();
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//构造函数的类外实现
template<class T1,class T2>
person<T1,T2>::person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
//成员函数类外实现
template<class T1,class T2>
void person<T1, T2>::showperson()
{
cout << "name = " << this->m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << this->m_Age << endl;
}
void test01()
{
person<string,int>p1("TON",21);
p1.showperson();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
}
1.3.7类模板分文件编写
由于成员函数创建时机是在调用阶段,导致分文件编写时链接不到
1、第一种解决方法, 直接包含源文件
inlcude "person.cpp"
2、第二种解决方法,将.h和.cpp的内容写到一起,将后缀名改为.hpp文件
1.3.8类模板与友元
全局函数 类外实现
加一个空参数列表
如果全局函数是类外实现的话,需要让编译器提前知道这个函数存在
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template<class T1,class T2>
class person;
template <class T1, class T2>
void printPerson2(person<T1, T2>p)
{
cout << "类外实现的内容:" << endl;
cout << "name = " << p.m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << p.m_Age << endl;
}
template<class T1, class T2>
class person
{
//全局函数,类内实现
friend void printPerson(person<T1, T2>p)
{
cout << "name = " << p.m_Name << endl;
cout << "age = " << p.m_Age << endl;
}
//全局函数 类外实现
//加一个空参数列表
//如果全局函数是类外实现的话,需要让编译器提前知道这个函数存在
friend void printPerson2<>(person<T1, T2>p);
public:
person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Age = age;
this->m_Name = name;
}
private:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
person<string, int> p("tom", 20);
printPerson(p);
}
void test02()
{
person<string, int> p("jerry", 20);
printPerson2(p);
}
int main() {
test02();
test01();
system("pause");
}
1.3.9类模板案例
cpp:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "MyArray.hpp"
using namespace std;
void printIntArray(MyArray<int>& arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++)
{
cout << arr[i] << endl;
}
}
void test01()
{
MyArray <int>arr1(5);
//MyArray <int>arr2(arr1);
//MyArray <int>arr3(100);
//arr3 = arr1;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
//利用尾插法向数组中插入数据
arr1.Push_Back(i);
}
cout << "arr1的打印输出为" << endl;
printIntArray(arr1);
cout << "arr1的容量: " << arr1.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "arr1的大小: " << arr1.getSize() << endl;
MyArray<int>arr2(arr1);
cout << "arr2的打印输出为" << endl;
printIntArray(arr2);
//尾删
arr2.Pop_Back();
cout << "arr2尾删后" << endl;
cout << "arr2的容量: " << arr2.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "arr2的大小: " << arr2.getSize() << endl;
}
//测试自定义的数据类型
class person
{
public:
person() {};
person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void printPersonArray(MyArray<person>& arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++)
{
cout << "姓名: " << arr[i].m_Name << endl;
cout << "年龄: " << arr[i].m_Age << endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
MyArray<person>arr(10);
person p1("孙悟空", 999);
person p2("猪八戒", 499);
person p3("唐僧", 29);
person p4("白龙马",199);
person p5("沙和尚", 399);
//将数据插入到数组中
arr.Push_Back(p1);
arr.Push_Back(p2);
arr.Push_Back(p3);
arr.Push_Back(p4);
arr.Push_Back(p5);
//打印数组
printPersonArray(arr);
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
}
hpp:
//自己的通用的数组类
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class MyArray
{
public:
//有参构造
MyArray(int capacity)
{
//cout << "Myarray的有参构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = capacity;
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
this->m_Size = 0;
}
//拷贝构造
MyArray(const MyArray& arr)
{
//cout << "Myarray的拷贝构造调用" << endl;
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
//this->pAddress = arr.pAddress;
//深拷贝
this->pAddress = new T[arr.m_Capacity];
//将arr数据拷贝过来
for(int i = 0;i <this->m_Size;i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
}
//operator = 防止浅拷贝
MyArray& operator = (const MyArray&arr)
{
//先判断原来堆区是否有数据,如果有,先释放
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
//深拷贝
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
this->pAddress = new T[arr.m_Capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
return *this;
}
//尾插法
void Push_Back(const T& val)
{
//判断容量是否等于大小
if (this->m_Capacity == this->m_Size)
{
return;
}
this->pAddress[this->m_Size] = val;//在数组末尾插入数据
this->m_Size++;//更新数组大小
}
//尾删法
void Pop_Back()
{
//让用户访问不到最后一个元素,就是尾删,逻辑删除
if (this->m_Size == 0)
{
return;
}
this->m_Size--;
}
//返回数组的容量
int getCapacity()
{
return this->m_Capacity;
}
//返回数组大小
int getSize()
{
return this->m_Size;
}
//通过下标的方式来访问数组中的元素
T& operator[](int index)
{
return this->pAddress[index];
}
//析构函数
~MyArray()
{
//cout << "Myarray的析构构造调用" << endl;
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
}
}
private:
T* pAddress;//指针指向堆区开辟的真实数组
int m_Capacity;//数组容量
int m_Size;//数组大小
};