使用scrapy-redis实现分布式爬取知乎

1.scrapy概述

1）Scrapy 是一个为了爬取网站数据，提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架。 可以应用在包括数据挖掘，信息处理或存储历史数据等一系列的程序中

架构概览：

2）安装方式：
我使用的是win10环境，建议采用Anaconda方式安装，

2.单机爬取知乎用户信息

1）思路：

2）创建一个scrapy项目、

3）用pycharm打开创建的项目

首先将settings中的ROBOTSTXT_OBEY值改为False.

在pycharm中的terminal中新建知乎爬取模板文件。

把知乎网页的请求头user-agent复制进settings.py中：

4)编写 items.py程序如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

from scrapy import Item,Field


class UserItem(Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    allow_message=Field()
    answer_count=Field()
    articles_count=Field()
    avatar_url=Field()
    avatar_url_template=Field()
    badge=Field()
    employments=Field()
    follower_count=Field()
    gender=Field()
    headline=Field()
    id=Field()
    is_advertiser=Field()
    is_blocking=Field()
    is_followed=Field()
    is_following=Field()
    is_org=Field()
    name=Field()
    type=Field()
    url=Field()
    url_token=Field()
    use_default_avatar=Field()
    user_typ=Field()

5)编写 zhihu.py程序如下：

import json

from scrapy import Spider, Request
from zhihuuser.items import UserItem


class ZhihuSpider(Spider):
    name = "zhihu"
    allowed_domains = ["www.zhihu.com"]
    user_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}?include={include}'
    follows_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followees?include={include}&offset={offset}&limit={limit}'
    followers_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followers?include={include}&offset={offset}&limit={limit}'
    start_user = 'excited-vczh'
    user_query = 'locations,employments,gender,educations,business,voteup_count,thanked_Count,follower_count,following_count,cover_url,following_topic_count,following_question_count,following_favlists_count,following_columns_count,answer_count,articles_count,pins_count,question_count,commercial_question_count,favorite_count,favorited_count,logs_count,marked_answers_count,marked_answers_text,message_thread_token,account_status,is_active,is_force_renamed,is_bind_sina,sina_weibo_url,sina_weibo_name,show_sina_weibo,is_blocking,is_blocked,is_following,is_followed,mutual_followees_count,vote_to_count,vote_from_count,thank_to_count,thank_from_count,thanked_count,description,hosted_live_count,participated_live_count,allow_message,industry_category,org_name,org_homepage,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'
    follows_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'
    followers_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'

    def start_requests(self):
        yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.user_query), self.parse_user)
        yield Request(self.follows_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.follows_query, limit=20, offset=0),
                      self.parse_follows)
        yield Request(self.followers_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.followers_query, limit=20, offset=0),
                      self.parse_followers)

    def parse_user(self, response):
        result = json.loads(response.text)
        item = UserItem()

        for field in item.fields:
            if field in result.keys():
                item[field] = result.get(field)
        yield item

        yield Request(
            self.follows_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.follows_query, limit=20, offset=0),
            self.parse_follows)

        yield Request(
            self.followers_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.followers_query, limit=20, offset=0),
            self.parse_followers)

    def parse_follows(self, response):
        results = json.loads(response.text)

        if 'data' in results.keys():
            for result in results.get('data'):
                yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.user_query),
                              self.parse_user)

        if 'paging' in results.keys() and results.get('paging').get('is_end') == False:
            next_page = results.get('paging').get('next')
            yield Request(next_page,
                          self.parse_follows)

    def parse_followers(self, response):
        results = json.loads(response.text)

        if 'data' in results.keys():
            for result in results.get('data'):
                yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.user_query),
                              self.parse_user)

        if 'paging' in results.keys() and results.get('paging').get('is_end') == False:
            next_page = results.get('paging').get('next')
            yield Request(next_page,
                          self.parse_followers)

6)编写pipelines.py程序将爬虫数据存进mongodb中。
a.mongodb安装：下载地址

打开下载的软件，配置参数并连接：

b.安装pymongo

pip install pymongo

c .pipelines.py 程序如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html

import pymongo


class ZhihuPipeline(object):
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        return item


class MongoPipeline(object):
    collection_name = 'users'

    def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
        self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
        self.mongo_db = mongo_db

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(
            mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_URI'),
            mongo_db=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_DATABASE')
        )

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
        self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.client.close()

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.db[self.collection_name].update({'url_token': item['url_token']}, dict(item), True)
        return item

d.在settings中配置mongodb的url和pipeline:

7)运行爬虫文件：

scrapy crawl zhihu

可发现本地mongodb中已经存储到了爬虫的数据：

3.分布式爬取知乎

一.scapy-redis简介：
1）单机爬取效率太低，为了提高效率，采用分布式爬虫技术scrapy-redis:

2)
MasterSpider 对 start_urls 中的 urls 构造 request，获取 response
MasterSpider 将 response 解析，获取目标页面的 url, 利用 redis 对 url 去重并生成待爬 request 队列
SlaveSpider 读取 redis 中的待爬队列，构造 request
SlaveSpider 发起请求，获取目标页面的 response
Slavespider 解析 response，获取目标数据，写入生产数据库
3)关于 Redis
Redis 是目前公认的速度最快的基于内存的键值对数据库

Redis 作为临时数据的缓存区，可以充分利用内存的高速读写能力大大提高爬虫爬取效率。

4)关于 scrapy-redis
scrapy-redis 是为了更方便地实现 Scrapy 分布式爬取，而提供的一些以 Redis 为基础的组件。

scrapy 使用 python 自带的 collection.deque 来存放待爬取的 request。scrapy-redis 提供了一个解决方案，把 deque 换成 redis 数据库，能让多个 spider 读取同一个 redis 数据库里，解决了分布式的主要问题。

二。分布式程序编写
1）本地安装scrapy-redis;

pip install scrapy-redis

2)配置master远程主机：
a.安装redis:

sudo apt-get install redis-server

b.配置reids配置文件使redis可远程访问。

注释掉 bind 127.0.0.1这一行使得可远程访问
找到requirepass一行设置密码

c.重新启动redis服务：

sudo service redis restart

3)本地下载redis-desktop manager[下载地址](https://github.com/uglide/RedisDesktopManager/releases)

下载完成后配置参数连接上我们上面配置的远程主机：

3)本地配置settings.py程序如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for zhihuuser project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'zhihuuser'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['zhihuuser.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'zhihuuser.spiders'


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'zhihuuser (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
  'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
  'Accept-Language': 'en',
  'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36'
}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'zhihuuser.middlewares.ZhihuuserSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'zhihuuser.middlewares.ZhihuuserDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'zhihuuser.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 300,
   'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
MONGO_URI = 'localhost'
MONGO_DATABASE = 'zhihu'

SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
REDIS_URL = 'redis://zoupeng:123@192.168.254.129:6379'

三.将本地的爬虫项目拷贝到另一台远程主机上
1）远程主机环境配置：

pip install scrapy scrapy-redis redis pymongo

vi /etc/mongodb.conf:
将bind 127.0.0.1注释掉，使其可远程访问。
sudo service mongodb restart重启服务
mongod启动服务
2）远程主机运行爬虫：

以上就实现了两台主机的分布式爬取。

master主机的items

slave主机的items

由于redis也要存储items,效率不高，所以可以把settings中redis-pipeline注释掉。

4.分布式部署

1）由于上面远程主机需要拷贝爬虫项目，才能实现分布式爬取，当有很多远程 slave主机时，每个都要拷贝项目代码，不方便，为此可以将爬虫项目部署到网络，成为一个网络服务，然后各slave主机只要请求这个网络服务即可。
2）远程主机Scrapyd安装

pip install scrapyd

配置scrapyd:

将里面的conf文件中：
bind 127.0.0.1改为bind 0.0.0.0.即可远程访问。

启动scrapyd:

启动完后，输入主机ip地址和端口即可远程访问scrapyd服务:

3)本地安装scrapyd-client
在windows系统上，推荐不使用pip进行scrapyd-client的安装，在scrapyd-client的Github上下载源码，而后通过cmd进行安装。安装方法为进入到下载的scrapyd-client源码路径下，输入以下指令进行scrapyd-client的安装。

python setup.py install

4)本地部署爬虫项目
a.配置scrapy.cfg:

# Automatically created by: scrapy startproject
#
# For more information about the [deploy] section see:
# https://scrapyd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/deploy.html

[settings]
default = zhihuuser.settings

[deploy]
url =http://192.168.254.129:6800/addversion.json
project = zhihuuser

b.终端输入scrapyd-deploy开始部署，成功后界面如下：

5）API测试：
请求产生一个爬虫job:

curl http://192.168.254.129:6800/schedule.json -d project=zhihuuser -d spider=zhihu
{"status": "ok", "jobid": "332d0fd4a87311e9b02a000c2907043a", "node_name": "ubuntu"}

请求三次，就相当于在本地启动了三个进程运行爬虫。

取消任务：

6）api封装python库：

参考链接

该项目github地址