【学习笔记】C++ 运算符重载

运算符重载是使用户可以对已有的运算符进行重载，从而实现对自定义的数据类型的运算操作

• 1、运算重载符不可以改变语法结构。
• 2、运算重载符不可以改变操作数的个数。
• 3、运算重载符不可以改变优先级。
• 4、运算重载符不可以改变结合性。

1.加号运算符重载

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Student
{

public:
    Student(int age)
    {

        this->age = age; //等价于Student::age = age;

        //this指针指向被调用的成员函数所属的对象
    };

    int age;
    //成员函数作运算符重载
    Student &operator+(Student &s1)
    {

        this->age += s1.age;

        return *this;
    };

private:
    string arr = "你是大傻逼";
};


//全局函数作运算符重载
Student operator+(Student &s1, Student &s2)
{
    Student temp(0);

    temp.age = s1.age + s2.age;

    return temp;
};

int main()
{
    Student s1(10);

    Student s2(10);

    Student s3 = s1 + s2;

    cout << s3.age << endl;

    system("pause");

    return 0;
}

2.左移运算符

与cout结合运用，实现输出自定义数据类型.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Student
{
friend ostream &operator<<(Student &s1,ostream &cout);
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Student &s1);
public:
    Student(int age)
    {

        this->age = age; //等价于Student::age = age;

        //this指针指向被调用的成员函数所属的对象
    };

    int age;
    //成员函数作运算符重载
    /*   Student &operator+(Student &s1)
    {

        this->age += s1.age;

        return *this;
    };
*/

private:
    string arr = "你是大傻逼";
};

//全局函数作运算符重载
Student operator+(Student &s1, Student &s2)
{
    Student temp(0);

    temp.age = s1.age + s2.age;

    return temp;
};

ostream &operator<<( Student &s1,ostream &cout)
{

    cout << "student age = " << s1.age <<"student arr = "<<s1.arr<< endl;

    return cout;
}

ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Student &s1)
{

    cout << "student age = " << s1.age <<"student arr = "<<s1.arr<< endl;

    return cout;
}

int main()
{
    Student s1(10);

    Student s2(10);

    Student s3 = s1 + s2;

    s3 << cout << endl;//ostream &operator<<( Student &s1,ostream &cout)

    cout<<s3;//ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Student &s1)

    system("pause");

    return 0;
}

注意以下代码实现的区别

 ostream &operator<<(Student &s1,ostream &cout);
 ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Student &s1);

3.++运算符重载

注意前置递增和后置递增返回值类型的区别

前置递增返回对象本身

后置递增函数内直接对对象值进行操作，然后返回未操作前的对象的值。

class MyInteger {

	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);

public:
	MyInteger() {
		m_Num = 0;
	}
	//前置++
	MyInteger& operator++() {
		//先++
		m_Num++;
		//再返回
		return *this;
	}

	//后置++
	MyInteger operator++(int) {
		//先返回
		MyInteger temp = *this; //记录当前本身的值，然后让本身的值加1，但是返回的是以前的值，达到先返回后++；
		m_Num++;
		return temp;
	}

private:
	int m_Num;
};


ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint) {
	out << myint.m_Num;
	return out;
}


//前置++ 先++ 再返回
void test01() {
	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << ++myInt << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

//后置++ 先返回 再++
void test02() {

	MyInteger myInt;
	cout << myInt++ << endl;
	cout << myInt << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();
	//test02();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

4.赋值运算符重载

c++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数

1. 默认构造函数(无参，函数体为空)
2. 默认析构函数(无参，函数体为空)
3. 默认拷贝构造函数，对属性进行值拷贝
4. 赋值运算符 operator=, 对属性进行值拷贝

如果类中有属性指向堆区，做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题

class Person
{
public:

	Person(int age)
	{
		//将年龄数据开辟到堆区
		m_Age = new int(age);
	}

	//重载赋值运算符 
	Person& operator=(Person &p)
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
		//编译器提供的代码是浅拷贝
		//m_Age = p.m_Age;

		//提供深拷贝 解决浅拷贝的问题
		m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);

		//返回自身
		return *this;
	}


	~Person()
	{
		if (m_Age != NULL)
		{
			delete m_Age;
			m_Age = NULL;
		}
	}

	//年龄的指针
	int *m_Age;

};


void test01()
{
	Person p1(18);

	Person p2(20);

	Person p3(30);

	p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作

	cout << "p1的年龄为：" << *p1.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p2的年龄为：" << *p2.m_Age << endl;

	cout << "p3的年龄为：" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}

int main() {

	test01();

	//int a = 10;
	//int b = 20;
	//int c = 30;

	//c = b = a;
	//cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	//cout << "c = " << c << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

5.关系运算符重载

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Student
{
    friend ostream &operator<<(Student &s1, ostream &cout);
    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Student &s1);

public:
    Student(int age)
    {

        this->age = age; //等价于Student::age = age;

        //this指针指向被调用的成员函数所属的对象
    };

    bool operator==(Student &s1)
    {

        if (this->age == s1.age && this->arr == s1.arr)
            return true;
        else
            return false;
    };

    int age;
    //成员函数作运算符重载
    /*   Student &operator+(Student &s1)
    {

        this->age += s1.age;

        return *this;
    };
*/

private:
    string arr = "你是大傻逼";
};

//全局函数作运算符重载
Student operator+(Student &s1, Student &s2)
{
    Student temp(0);

    temp.age = s1.age + s2.age;

    return temp;
};

ostream &operator<<(Student &s1, ostream &cout)
{

    cout << "student age = " << s1.age << "student arr = " << s1.arr << endl;

    return cout;
}

ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Student &s1)
{

    cout << "student age = " << s1.age << "student arr = " << s1.arr << endl;

    return cout;
}

int main()
{
    Student s1(10);

    Student s2(10);

    Student s3 = s1 + s2;
    if (s1 == s2)
    {
        cout << "这俩相等" << endl; /* code */
    }

    s3 << cout << endl; //ostream &operator<<( Student &s1,ostream &cout)

    cout << s3; //ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Student &s1)

    system("pause");

    return 0;
}

6.（）运算符重载&仿函数

• 函数调用运算符 () 也可以重载
• 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用，因此称为仿函数
• 仿函数没有固定写法，非常灵活

• class MyPrint
  {
  public:
  	void operator()(string text)
  	{
  		cout << text << endl;
  	}
  
  };
  void test01()
  {
  	//重载的（）操作符 也称为仿函数
  	MyPrint myFunc;
  	myFunc("hello world");
  }
  
  
  class MyAdd
  {
  public:
  	int operator()(int v1, int v2)
  	{
  		return v1 + v2;
  	}
  };
  
  void test02()
  {
  	MyAdd add;
  	int ret = add(10, 10);
  	cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;
  
  	//匿名对象调用  
  	cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
  }
  
  int main() {
  
  	test01();
  	test02();
  
  	system("pause");
  
  	return 0;
  }

  MyAdd()：匿名对象，Myadd类型的一个对象，在代码执行后内存立即释放.