本来这篇应该是上周发的，拖延症又犯了?
上一篇主要讨论了Linux线程的调度算法
这篇来谈谈线程间的同步问题，暂时不包括IPC(InterProcess Communication)问题，IPC还是很有趣的。
有趣的事情就要慢慢品对吧，留到下次再来谈?（主要准备不过来 hhh 太真实了）
PS: 以下解析的Linux kernel版本号为4.19.25
Thread synchronization
Motivation
为什么线程之间需要同步？
一个原因，同一个父进程下的所有子线程共享同一个PC，同一个寄存器，同一个堆栈(同一片天空)
所以当多个子线程同时对同一个变量进行操作的时候，就很有可能出现热点，甚至错误情况，这就是同步问题。
另外一个原因，很多时候线程之间执行情况实际上是有一定顺序的，下一个线程需要知道上一个线程有没有完成执行任务。
当然线程权限没有那么大，这些事情都是调度程序来做的，但线程有感知上一个线程完成与否的需求，这就是互斥问题。
所以，总的而言，线程同步主要解决的是同步互斥问题。
至于怎么解决，常见的套路主要是在栈中设立一个原子变量，通过抢占这个全部变量实现同步互斥。
具体而言，有互斥量mutex, 锁Lock, 读写锁rwlock, 条件变量Condition, 屏障Barrier etc.
Souce code
这一部分代码比较多，有些还比较晦涩，Linux kernel4以后的代码相较于2.×版本还有比较大的改动
然后在实际工作中，这一部分用处还有一点，比如说写个redis锁 etc. 掌握这部分对多线程的理解应该会更进一步
Linux的线程同步机制和Nachos中使用的机制(信号量，锁，条件变量)基本一致。采用了互斥量mutex，条件变量，信号量，读写锁。
Mutex
Linux 下通过声明一个Mutex的类来实现互斥量的实现。另外还声明了一个ww_mutex(wound/wait)来避免死锁
Linux kerenal 中关于Mutex struct的代码在<include/linux/mutex.h>中
struct mutex {
atomic_long_t owner; // mutex 获得的owner ID
// 若==0, 则mutex未被占用;
// 若> 0, 则mutex被此ownerId占用，
// 只能由当前owner解mutex
spinlock_t wait_lock; // 自旋锁类型
#ifdef CONFIG_MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER
struct optimistic_spin_queue osq; /* Spinner MCS lock */
#endif
struct list_head wait_list; // 等待队列
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
void *magic;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
struct lockdep_map dep_map;
#endif
};
上面的struct用一个原子变量owner来实现mutex的互斥效果, 这里已经和kernel 2.×版本不一样了。
当owner为0时，表示这个mutex还未被占用。当mutex不为零的时候，只能由id == owner的线程解除占用
另外定义了一个wait_list用于存储被sleep的thread
这部分代码和nachos中Semaphore的设计基本一致
而具体实现mutex的代码位于<kernel/locking/mutex.c>中
__mutex_init函数主要做一些变量声明和初始化的工作。
void
__mutex_init(struct mutex *lock, const char *name, struct lock_class_key *key)
{
atomic_long_set(&lock->owner, 0); // init atomic 变量 owner
spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); // init 自旋锁类型变量
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&lock->wait_list); // init 等待队列变量
#ifdef CONFIG_MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER
osq_lock_init(&lock->osq);
#endif
debug_mutex_init(lock, name, key);
}
以加锁为例，调用的的是mutex_lock函数。
void __sched mutex_lock(struct mutex *lock)
{
might_sleep(); // 打印堆栈 debug sleep
if (!__mutex_trylock_fast(lock)) // atomic获得owner, 如果能
__mutex_lock_slowpath(lock); //
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mutex_lock);
#endif
其中，might_sleep()是一个全局Linux API，主要用于在中断时候，debug打印context堆栈，这个API在后面被广泛使用。
__mutex_trylock_fast(lock) 是一个去获取lock的owner的函数，如果能获取则返回true
static __always_inline bool __mutex_trylock_fast(struct mutex *lock)
{ww_acquire_ctx
unsigned long curr = (unsigned long)current;
unsigned long zero = 0UL;
if (atomic_long_try_cmpxchg_acquire(&lock->owner, &zero, curr)) // 获取owner
return true;
return false;
}
如果有权限获取owner则
static noinline void __sched
__mutex_lock_slowpath(struct mutex *lock)
{
__mutex_lock(lock, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL, _RET_IP_); // 调用__mutex_lock
}
然后再嵌套调用，不知道是为了什么，写了那么多层（可能是有别的地方 复用到了）
static int __sched
__mutex_lock(struct mutex *lock, long state, unsigned int subclass,
struct lockdep_map *nest_lock, unsigned long ip)
{
// 调用__mutex_lock_common
return __mutex_lock_common(lock, state, subclass, nest_lock, ip, NULL, false);
}
然后就到了Linux真正处理mock_lock的地方
static __always_inline int __schedw
__mutex_lock_common(struct mutex *lock, long state, unsigned int subclass,// lock TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 0
struct lockdep_map *nest_lock, unsigned long ip, // NULL _RET_IP_
struct ww_acquire_ctx *ww_ctx, const bool use_ww_ctx) // NULL false
{
struct mutex_waiter waiter;
bool first = false;
struct ww_mutex *ww; // ww = wound/wait mutex 用于死锁检验
int ret;
might_sleep(); // 一样的去打印context的堆栈
ww = container_of(lock, struct ww_mutex, base); // 获得ww_mutex
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx) { // mutet_lock进不到这个,ww_mutex_lock有可能进
if (unlikely(ww_ctx == READ_ONCE(ww->ctx))) // ww_mutex获得的ctx和需要的ctx对比
return -EALREADY;
/*
* Reset the wounded flag after a kill. No other process can
* race and wound us here since they can't have a valid owner
* pointer if we don't have any locks held.
*/
if (ww_ctx->acquired == 0) // 如果ww_ctx没有被获得 则重设wounded 位
ww_ctx->wounded = 0;
}
preempt_disable(); // 设置不可抢占
mutex_acquire_nest(&lock->dep_map, subclass, 0, nest_lock, ip); // 检查mutex 需要的条件
if (__mutex_trylock(lock) || // 尝试上lock
mutex_optimistic_spin(lock, ww_ctx, use_ww_ctx, NULL)) { // 尝试上乐观锁
/* got the lock, yay! */
lock_acquired(&lock->dep_map, ip); // 上lock
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx) // ww_mutex_lock时
ww_mutex_set_context_fastpath(ww, ww_ctx); // 设置上下文path
preempt_enable(); // 解除不可抢占
return 0;
}
spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); // 对等待队列上自旋锁
/*
* After waiting to acquire the wait_lock, try again.
*/
if (__mutex_trylock(lock)) { // 那再试试呗 hhh
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx)
__ww_mutex_check_waiters(lock, ww_ctx);
goto skip_wait;
}
debug_mutex_lock_common(lock, &waiter); // 掉一下debug模式下mutet_lock_common
lock_contended(&lock->dep_map, ip); // 去等锁
if (!use_ww_ctx) { // mutex_lock时候
/* add waiting tasks to the end of the waitqueue (FIFO): */
__mutex_add_waiter(lock, &waiter, &lock->wait_list); // 加到wait_queue
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
waiter.ww_ctx = MUTEX_POISON_WW_CTX;
#endif
} else {
/*
* Add in stamp order, waking up waiters that must kill
* themselves.
*/
ret = __ww_mutex_add_waiter(&waiter, lock, ww_ctx); // 加到ww_mutex的wait_queue
if (ret)
goto err_early_kill;
waiter.ww_ctx = ww_ctx;
}
waiter.task = current;
set_current_state(state); // 设置state
for (;;) { // 做了一个自旋操作 retry lock
/*
* Once we hold wait_lock, we're serialized against
* mutex_unlock() handing the lock off to us, do a trylock
* before testing the error conditions to make sure we pick up
* the handoff.
*/
if (__mutex_trylock(lock)) // 等到了
goto acquired;
/*
* Check for signals and kill conditions while holding
* wait_lock. This ensures the lock cancellation is ordered
* against mutex_unlock() and wake-ups do not go missing.
*/
if (unlikely(signal_pending_state(state, current))) { // if state不对
ret = -EINTR;
goto err;
}
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx) { // 如果是ww_mutex 且 wait_queue 有需要被kill掉的
ret = __ww_mutex_check_kill(lock, &waiter, ww_ctx);
if (ret)
goto err;
}
spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); // 解自旋锁
schedule_preempt_disabled(); // 解除不可抢占
/*
* ww_mutex needs to always recheck its position since its waiter
* list is not FIFO ordered.
*/
if ((use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx) || !first) {
first = __mutex_waiter_is_first(lock, &waiter);
if (first)
__mutex_set_flag(lock, MUTEX_FLAG_HANDOFF);
}
set_current_state(state); // update state
/*
* Here we order against unlock; we must either see it change
* state back to RUNNING and fall through the next schedule(),
* or we must see its unlock and acquire.
*/
if (__mutex_trylock(lock) || // 再试一次
(first && mutex_optimistic_spin(lock, ww_ctx, use_ww_ctx, &waiter)))
break;
spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock);
}
spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock);
acquired:
__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx) {
/*
* Wound-Wait; we stole the lock (!first_waiter), check the
* waiters as anyone might want to wound us.
*/
if (!ww_ctx->is_wait_die &&
!__mutex_waiter_is_first(lock, &waiter))
__ww_mutex_check_waiters(lock, ww_ctx);
}
mutex_remove_waiter(lock, &waiter, current); // 从等待队列中remove
if (likely(list_empty(&lock->wait_list)))
__mutex_clear_flag(lock, MUTEX_FLAGS); // 清除flag
debug_mutex_free_waiter(&waiter);
skip_wait:
/* got the lock - cleanup and rejoice! */
lock_acquired(&lock->dep_map, ip);
if (use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx)
ww_mutex_lock_acquired(ww, ww_ctx);
spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); // cleanup
preempt_enable();
return 0;
err:
__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
mutex_remove_waiter(lock, &waiter, current);
err_early_kill:
spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock);
debug_mutex_free_waiter(&waiter);
mutex_release(&lock->dep_map, 1, ip);
preempt_enable();
return ret;
}
上面的__mutex_common被mutex_lock，ww_mutex_lock两个函数复用
use_ww_ctx && ww_ctx这两个变量就是用来判断到底是被哪个函数复用了
然后函数很多逻辑都是为了减少等待时间，用了多次自旋锁进行等待，直到多次尝试之后还不能上锁的时候才真正去sleep等待
这样的操作虽然可能会增大单次上锁时间，但相比交换上下文Context的代价肯定是很省了
自旋锁 spinlock
自旋锁，就是一种反复重试的锁，因为实际生产过程中，经常会有稍微等一等这个互斥量就解除的情况
所以自旋锁在工程中用处还是很大的，很多java程序都要写spinlock
Spinlock相关代码在<include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h>中
static inline int __raw_spin_trylock(raw_spinlock_t *lock)
{
preempt_disable(); // 设置不可抢占
if (do_raw_spin_trylock(lock)) { // 尝试获得自旋锁
spin_acquire(&lock->dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_); // 获得自旋锁
return 1;
}
preempt_enable(); // 接触不可抢占
return 0;
}
其中spin_acquire定义在<include/linux/lockdep.h>
#define spin_acquire(l, s, t, i) lock_acquire_exclusive(l, s, t, NULL, i)
#define lock_acquire_exclusive(l, s, t, n, i) lock_acquire(l, s, t, 0, 1, n, i)
而lock_acquire()实现的代码在<kernel/locking/lockdep.c>
void lock_acquire(struct lockdep_map *lock, unsigned int subclass,
int trylock, int read, int check,
struct lockdep_map *nest_lock, unsigned long ip)
{
unsigned long flags;
if (unlikely(current->lockdep_recursion)) // 如果锁的递归深度标志位!=0
return;
raw_local_irq_save(flags); // 刷一下flags到disk
check_flags(flags); // 检查flag
current->lockdep_recursion = 1; // 互斥
trace_lock_acquire(lock, subclass, trylock, read, check, nest_lock, ip); // 追踪锁获得 打印日志
__lock_acquire(lock, subclass, trylock, read, check,
irqs_disabled_flags(flags), nest_lock, ip, 0, 0); // lock acquire
current->lockdep_recursion = 0; // 解除互斥
raw_local_irq_restore(flags); // 再刷一下flags
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(lock_acquire);
然后具体实现的时候，调用到__lock_acquire()
static int __lock_acquire(struct lockdep_map *lock, unsigned int subclass,
int trylock, int read, int check, int hardirqs_off,
struct lockdep_map *nest_lock, unsigned long ip,
int references, int pin_count)
{
struct task_struct *curr = current;
struct lock_class *class = NULL;
struct held_lock *hlock;
unsigned int depth;
int chain_head = 0;
int class_idx;
u64 chain_key;
if (subclass < NR_LOCKDEP_CACHING_CLASSES)
class = lock->class_cache[subclass]; // 找到cache
/*
* Not cached?
*/
if (unlikely(!class)) {
class = register_lock_class(lock, subclass, 0); // 注册lock
if (!class)
return 0;
}
atomic_inc((atomic_t *)&class->ops); // 原子操作获得class 操作符
if (very_verbose(class)) {
printk("\nacquire class [%px] %s", class->key, class->name);
if (class->name_version > 1)
printk(KERN_CONT "#%d", class->name_version);
printk(KERN_CONT "\n");
dump_stack();
}
depth = curr->lockdep_depth; // init depth
if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(depth >= MAX_LOCK_DEPTH)) // stack深度溢出
return 0;
class_idx = class - lock_classes + 1;
if (depth) {
hlock = curr->held_locks + depth - 1;
if (hlock->class_idx == class_idx && nest_lock) {
if (hlock->references) {
/*
* Check: unsigned int references:12, overflow.
*/
if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(hlock->references == (1 << 12)-1)) // 2^12 - 1
return 0;
hlock->references++;
} else {
hlock->references = 2;
}
return 1;
}
}
hlock = curr->held_locks + depth;
if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(!class))
return 0;
hlock->class_idx = class_idx; // 记录hlock信息
hlock->acquire_ip = ip;
hlock->instance = lock;
hlock->nest_lock = nest_lock;
hlock->irq_context = task_irq_context(curr);
hlock->trylock = trylock;
hlock->read = read;
hlock->check = check;
hlock->hardirqs_off = !!hardirqs_off;
hlock->references = references;
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCK_STAT
hlock->waittime_stamp = 0;
hlock->holdtime_stamp = lockstat_clock();
#endif
hlock->pin_count = pin_count;
if (check && !mark_irqflags(curr, hlock))
return 0;
/* mark it as used: */
if (!mark_lock(curr, hlock, LOCK_USED))
return 0;
if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(class_idx > MAX_LOCKDEP_KEYS)) // 又溢出了
return 0;
chain_key = curr->curr_chain_key;
if (!depth) {
/*
* How can we have a chain hash when we ain't got no keys?!
*/
if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(chain_key != 0))
return 0;
chain_head = 1;
}
hlock->prev_chain_key = chain_key;
if (separate_irq_context(curr, hlock)) {
chain_key = 0;
chain_head = 1;
}
chain_key = iterate_chain_key(chain_key, class_idx);
curr->curr_chain_key = chain_key;
curr->lockdep_depth++;
check_chain_key(curr);
return 1;
}
__lock_acquire()被spin_lock 和 mutex_lock两个class调用
实际上它的操作对象不是对单一class加锁，是对一个锁类的加锁
这里为了降低lockdep的搜索消耗，用了一个cache
对于那些反复加放锁的部分有不小的性能上的提升
读写锁rwlock
读写锁的主要目的就是实现某一种状态的并发性
条件变量 Condition
条件变量则是为了实现线程的批处理，一个个batch执行，定义了单个唤醒 & 广播唤醒两种方式
屏障 barrier
屏障的作用就很像两阶段锁协议，第一阶段只能等待，第二阶段只能运行
当未达到屏障约定的上限时，通过条件变量实现进入wait_queue
当达到屏障上限的时候，通过广播一次性唤醒
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