【linux kernel】linux内核的进程调度—调度策略

iriczhao

已于 2022-05-05 12:43:15 修改

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分类专栏：小生聊【linux kernel】小生聊【C语言】文章标签： linux linux 内核 linux调度 CFS调度策略 C

于 2022-01-22 15:43:43 首次发布

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linux内核的进程调度—调度策略

（注：下文代码片段均出自linux内核版本4.1.15）

文章目录

在linux内核中，默认实现了5种调度策略：

（1）stop调度策略

（2）deadline调度策略

（3）realtime调度策略

（4）CFS调度策略

（5）idle调度策略

以上5种调度策略通过.next指针串联在一起。如下代码片段（/kernel/sched/sched.h）：

#define sched_class_highest (&stop_sched_class)
#define for_each_class(class) \
   for (class = sched_class_highest; class; class = class->next)

for_each_class宏在check_preempt_curr()函数pick_next_task()函数中被使用，从而遍历由5个调度策略组成的调度器链表。

对于调度策略的选择，根据：不同的进程采用不同的调度策略。

源码中，5种调度策略的具体实例都使用struct sched_class来定义调度类（/kernel/sched/sched.h）：

struct sched_class {
	const struct sched_class *next;

	void (*enqueue_task) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int flags);
	void (*dequeue_task) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int flags);
	void (*yield_task) (struct rq *rq);
	bool (*yield_to_task) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, bool preempt);

	void (*check_preempt_curr) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int flags);

	/*
	 * It is the responsibility of the pick_next_task() method that will
	 * return the next task to call put_prev_task() on the @prev task or
	 * something equivalent.
	 *
	 * May return RETRY_TASK when it finds a higher prio class has runnable
	 * tasks.
	 */
	struct task_struct * (*pick_next_task) (struct rq *rq,
						struct task_struct *prev);
	void (*put_prev_task) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p);

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	int  (*select_task_rq)(struct task_struct *p, int task_cpu, int sd_flag, int flags);
	void (*migrate_task_rq)(struct task_struct *p, int next_cpu);

	void (*post_schedule) (struct rq *this_rq);
	void (*task_waking) (struct task_struct *task);
	void (*task_woken) (struct rq *this_rq, struct task_struct *task);

	void (*set_cpus_allowed)(struct task_struct *p,
				 const struct cpumask *newmask);

	void (*rq_online)(struct rq *rq);
	void (*rq_offline)(struct rq *rq);
#endif

	void (*set_curr_task) (struct rq *rq);
	void (*task_tick) (struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int queued);
	void (*task_fork) (struct task_struct *p);
	void (*task_dead) (struct task_struct *p);

	/*
	 * The switched_from() call is allowed to drop rq->lock, therefore we
	 * cannot assume the switched_from/switched_to pair is serliazed by
	 * rq->lock. They are however serialized by p->pi_lock.
	 */
	void (*switched_from) (struct rq *this_rq, struct task_struct *task);
	void (*switched_to) (struct rq *this_rq, struct task_struct *task);
	void (*prio_changed) (struct rq *this_rq, struct task_struct *task,
			     int oldprio);

	unsigned int (*get_rr_interval) (struct rq *rq,
					 struct task_struct *task);

	void (*update_curr) (struct rq *rq);

#ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED
	void (*task_move_group) (struct task_struct *p, int on_rq);
#endif
};

【设置调度策略】

用户空间程序可以使用sched_setscheduler()来设定用户进程的调度策略。（/include/uapi/linux/sched.h）

/*
 * Scheduling policies
 */
#define SCHED_NORMAL		0
#define SCHED_FIFO		1
#define SCHED_RR		2
#define SCHED_BATCH		3
/* SCHED_ISO: reserved but not implemented yet */
#define SCHED_IDLE		5
#define SCHED_DEADLINE		6

SCHED_NORMAL和SCHED_BATCH使用CFS调度器
   
 SCHED_FIFO和SCHED_RR使用realtime调度器
 
 SCHED_IDILE使用idle调度器
 
 SCHED_DEADLINE使用deadline调度器

一、调度策略

（1-1）stop调度策略

优先级最高的调度类，特点是：可以抢占其他所有进程，不能被其他进程所抢占。如下为stop调度器的具体实例stop_sched_class（/kernel/sched/stop_task.c）：

const struct sched_class stop_sched_class = {
	.next			= &dl_sched_class,

	.enqueue_task		= enqueue_task_stop,
	.dequeue_task		= dequeue_task_stop,
	.yield_task		= yield_task_stop,

	.check_preempt_curr	= check_preempt_curr_stop,

	.pick_next_task		= pick_next_task_stop,
	.put_prev_task		= put_prev_task_stop,

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	.select_task_rq		= select_task_rq_stop,
#endif

	.set_curr_task          = set_curr_task_stop,
	.task_tick		= task_tick_stop,

	.get_rr_interval	= get_rr_interval_stop,

	.prio_changed		= prio_changed_stop,
	.switched_to		= switched_to_stop,
	.update_curr		= update_curr_stop,
};

（1-2）deadline调度策略

使用红黑树，把进程按照绝对截止期限进行排序，选择最小期限进程调度运行。如下为deadline调度策略的具体实例dl_sched_class（/kernel/sched/deadline.c）：

const struct sched_class dl_sched_class = {
	.next			= &rt_sched_class,
	.enqueue_task		= enqueue_task_dl,
	.dequeue_task		= dequeue_task_dl,
	.yield_task		= yield_task_dl,

	.check_preempt_curr	= check_preempt_curr_dl,

	.pick_next_task		= pick_next_task_dl,
	.put_prev_task		= put_prev_task_dl,

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	.select_task_rq		= select_task_rq_dl,
	.set_cpus_allowed       = set_cpus_allowed_dl,
	.rq_online              = rq_online_dl,
	.rq_offline             = rq_offline_dl,
	.post_schedule		= post_schedule_dl,
	.task_woken		= task_woken_dl,
#endif

	.set_curr_task		= set_curr_task_dl,
	.task_tick		= task_tick_dl,
	.task_fork              = task_fork_dl,
	.task_dead		= task_dead_dl,

	.prio_changed           = prio_changed_dl,
	.switched_from		= switched_from_dl,
	.switched_to		= switched_to_dl,

	.update_curr		= update_curr_dl,
};

（1-3）realtime调度策略

为每个优先级维护一个队列。如下为realtime调度策略的具体实例（/kernel/sched/rt.c）：

const struct sched_class rt_sched_class = {
	.next			= &fair_sched_class,
	.enqueue_task		= enqueue_task_rt,
	.dequeue_task		= dequeue_task_rt,
	.yield_task		= yield_task_rt,

	.check_preempt_curr	= check_preempt_curr_rt,

	.pick_next_task		= pick_next_task_rt,
	.put_prev_task		= put_prev_task_rt,

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	.select_task_rq		= select_task_rq_rt,

	.set_cpus_allowed       = set_cpus_allowed_rt,
	.rq_online              = rq_online_rt,
	.rq_offline             = rq_offline_rt,
	.post_schedule		= post_schedule_rt,
	.task_woken		= task_woken_rt,
	.switched_from		= switched_from_rt,
#endif

	.set_curr_task          = set_curr_task_rt,
	.task_tick		= task_tick_rt,

	.get_rr_interval	= get_rr_interval_rt,

	.prio_changed		= prio_changed_rt,
	.switched_to		= switched_to_rt,

	.update_curr		= update_curr_rt,
};

（1-4）CFS调度策略

采用完全公平调度算法，引入虚拟运行时间概念。如下fair_sched_class的cfs具体实例（/kernel/sched/fair.c）：

const struct sched_class fair_sched_class = {
	.next			= &idle_sched_class,
	.enqueue_task		= enqueue_task_fair,
	.dequeue_task		= dequeue_task_fair,
	.yield_task		= yield_task_fair,
	.yield_to_task		= yield_to_task_fair,

	.check_preempt_curr	= check_preempt_wakeup,

	.pick_next_task		= pick_next_task_fair,
	.put_prev_task		= put_prev_task_fair,

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	.select_task_rq		= select_task_rq_fair,
	.migrate_task_rq	= migrate_task_rq_fair,

	.rq_online		= rq_online_fair,
	.rq_offline		= rq_offline_fair,

	.task_waking		= task_waking_fair,
#endif

	.set_curr_task          = set_curr_task_fair,
	.task_tick		= task_tick_fair,
	.task_fork		= task_fork_fair,

	.prio_changed		= prio_changed_fair,
	.switched_from		= switched_from_fair,
	.switched_to		= switched_to_fair,

	.get_rr_interval	= get_rr_interval_fair,

	.update_curr		= update_curr_fair,

#ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED
	.task_move_group	= task_move_group_fair,
#endif
};

（1-5）idle调度策略

每个CPU都会有一个idle线程，当没有其他进程可以调度时，调度运行idle线程。idle_sched_classidle调度器的具体实例（/kernel/sched/idle_task.h）：

const struct sched_class idle_sched_class = {
	/* .next is NULL */
	/* no enqueue/yield_task for idle tasks */

	/* dequeue is not valid, we print a debug message there: */
	.dequeue_task		= dequeue_task_idle,

	.check_preempt_curr	= check_preempt_curr_idle,

	.pick_next_task		= pick_next_task_idle,
	.put_prev_task		= put_prev_task_idle,

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	.select_task_rq		= select_task_rq_idle,
#endif

	.set_curr_task          = set_curr_task_idle,
	.task_tick		= task_tick_idle,

	.get_rr_interval	= get_rr_interval_idle,

	.prio_changed		= prio_changed_idle,
	.switched_to		= switched_to_idle,
	.update_curr		= update_curr_idle,
};